Suchergebnisse

Le système de navigation par satellites BeiDou a été développé par la Chine de façon autonome afin de remplir des missions tant au plan national qu'international. Si les politiques chinoises déployées aussi bien nationalement que localement concernant le GNSS ont ouvert la voie à l'édification de BeiDou et au développement de ses applications, la promotion de ce système dans le monde entier rencontre de nombreux défis légaux parmi lesquels la demande concernant une gestion saine, un régime de responsabilité à l'égard des tiers, les moyens de protéger la vie privée des utilisateurs etc… La Chine doit régler ces problèmes légaux si elle veut que BeiDou parvienne aux buts qui lui ont été assignés.

AbstractPersonal income tax is a commonly used redistributive instrument to deal with inequality. Whether it achieves that efficacy requires an appropriate measurement. This paper aims to examine the redistributive effects of personal income tax (PIT) based on the generalized entropy indexes. Compared with the commonly used approach based on the Gini coefficient, the generalized entropy indexes are more sensitive to the structural features of the redistributive effects and can lead to more reliable evaluation about the redistributive policy adjustments. Based on this new approach, we assess the redistributive effects of the 2011 PIT adjustment in China by using the urban household survey data. Different from previous studies, our results show that the 2011 PIT adjustment has effectively reduced the inequality within high income group, and if hidden income is taken into consideration, the overall inequality reduction resulted from the tax adjustment turns out to be positive. This finding highlights the importance of judging the redistributive effects of PIT on the basis of right household income data and that China should pay more attention to the hidden income in designing the redistributive tax rules.

Equitable and efficient distribution of COVID-19 vaccines continues to be a key issue in global health, and a targeted approach is needed to meet the World Health Organization's world vaccination targets. Although some low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are developing their own vaccines to address the distribution problem, legal and technical challenges have had a negative impact on productivity. This article explores relevant international legal instruments that can enable faster research and development of COVID-19 vaccines in LMICs, focusing on the role of biosafety standards, biological materials transfer, and key knowledge sharing. Our analysis has established that the potential of existing global health legal instruments has yet to be realized in order to close the productivity gap in LMICs and strengthen their vaccine manufacturing capacity. Additionally, mutual recognition of vaccine efficacy has become a new challenge for achieving global vaccination targets. We argue that the World Health Organization should continue its leading position by developing a more practical and targeted framework to help LMICs overcome challenges arising from technology transfer, knowledge sharing, and politics. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; Funding: This research was funded by the University of Macau, grant number MYRG2018-00074-FLL, and the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the research grant Legal Issues Associated with Synthetic Biology Research and Development (Biosafety Issues), grant number CP-030-2021.

In recent years, exposés on the trafficking of women have caught the public's attention in China. However, due to data scarcity, the scope and nature of such criminal activity are not well understood. The authors of this study provide a new angle in the analysis of human trafficking by digitizing and analyzing court sentencing documents on trafficking in China during 2014–2015. Through mapping court data to geographic information and performing network analysis, the study presented a comprehensive picture of intra-provincial, inter-provincial, and international trafficking patterns. The data showed that international trafficking has become the largest category in the trafficking of women, and victims were typically young women in their 20s originating from Vietnam, Myanmar, and North Korea who were sold into central provinces. Domestically, inter-provincial trafficking outnumbers intra-provincial cases. Across provincial borders, women were trafficked from southwest to central provinces. Intra-provincial trafficking was concentrated in four provinces: Henan, Anhui, Shandong, and Hebei. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

AbstractAn outcome of upward social comparisons that has been largely overlooked is its effect on non‐transactional behaviours (i.e., word of mouth). Previous research has identified three different emotional reactions to upward social comparisons: admiration, benign envy and malicious envy. Despite the fact that their effect on consumption has been previously analysed, it remains unclear how these reactions affect word of mouth intention. This study carries out an experimental design that demonstrates that admiration and benign envy positively influence word of mouth behaviour. However, there is no effect of malicious envy on such disposition. The results are sustained under different cultural contexts. The findings shed light on the drivers of word of mouth. They offer guidance to companies for developing more effective strategies to encourage both brand message sharing and consumer‐to‐consumer sharing of consumption experiences.

AbstractTo review the experience of managing central cord syndrome (CCS) surgically, we retrospectively reviewed 71 patients from October 2015 to April 2017. Deteriorating neurologic status with evidence of radiologic compression and spinal instability were absolute indications for surgery. The American Spinal and Injury Association (ASIA) motor scores (AMS) were recorded at the time of admission (aAMS), 3 days postoperatively (3dAMS), 1 month postoperatively(1mAMS), and at final follow-up (fAMS). Analysis of variance was performed to compare 3dAMS, 1mAMS, and fAMS. Surgery was successful in all 71 patients without re-injury of the spinal cord, infection, or other perioperative complications. The postoperative AMS at 3 days, 1 month, and at the final follow-up significantly improved over preoperative scores. ASIA sensory scores at fAMS were significantly better than 3dAMS and1mAMS scores. The ASIA motor and sensory scores at 1mAMS showed no significant improvements compared with the 3dAMS. Therefore, for patients diagnosed with CCS, combined with evidence of radiologic compression and spinal instability, surgery was beneficial in terms of gains in neurologic recovery.