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AbstractHuman–automation cooperation has become ubiquitous. In this concept, automation refers to autonomous machines, robots, artificial intelligence, and other autonomous nonhuman agents. A human driver will share control of semiautonomous vehicles (semi‐AVs) with an automated system and thus share responsibility for crashes caused by semi‐AVs. Research has not clarified whether and why people would attribute different levels of blame and responsibility to automation (and its creators) and its human counterpart when each causes an equivalent crash. We conducted four experiments in two studies (total N = 1,045) to measure different responses (e.g., severity and acceptability judgment, blame and responsibility attribution, compensation judgment) to hypothetical crashes that are caused by the human or the automation in semi‐AVs. The results provided previously unidentified evidence of a bias, which we called the "blame attribution asymmetry," a tendency that people will judge the automation‐caused crash more harshly, ascribe more blame and responsibility to automation and its creators, and think the victim in this crash should be compensated more. This asymmetry arises in part because of the higher negative affect triggered by the automation‐caused crash. This bias has a direct policy implication: a policy allowing "not‐safe enough" semi‐AVs on roads could backfire, because these AVs will lead to many traffic crashes, which might in turn produce greater psychological costs and deter more people from adopting them. Other theoretical and policy implications of our findings were also discussed.

AbstractThis study examines whether and how macroeconomic performance competition is related to investment at firm level. We use GDP competition as a proxy of dynamic macroeconomic conditions. We find that the effect of GDP competition on firm investments is significantly positive. We also find that GDP competition destroys investment efficiency significantly, especially by increasing overinvestment. Further tests show that GDP competition is more likely to affect the investment decisions of firms controlled by governments and firms located in regions with low marketization. In addition, our analyses reveal that the provincial officials facing competitive pressure are more likely to be promoted if firm investments accelerate. We use alternative proxies to measure GDP competition and find similar results that support our inference. Our findings support the notion that GDP competition of governments distorts investment behaviour. The present paper also elucidates investment problems and dilemmas faced by emerging economies.

Outpatient health care provision plays an important role in the identification and treatment of health problems. Data are needed on the utilisation of health care services and their determinants to enable health policy decision-making and needs-based care provision. The analyses set out in this article are based on current data on the utilisation of outpatient health care services. The data stem from the German Health Update (GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS), a nationwide cross-sectional survey of the resident population in Germany that is undertaken as part of the health monitoring conducted at the Robert Koch Institute. Around 80% of the population aged 18 or over were treated at least once within twelve months by a general practitioner, 60% by a specialist, and 10% received psychiatric or psychotherapeutic treatment. Less than half of those eligible had had a stool test during the past two years, and just over half had had a colonoscopy in the past ten years. Around 80% of women and 70% of men had had their blood pressure checked within the last year, and 60% had had their blood cholesterol or blood sugar levels monitored. Over 50% reported that they had taken medically prescribed drugs in the past two weeks. In general, most of the indicators under study suggest that utilisation increases with age and that utilisation is higher among women than men, with the exception of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic services, among others.

Die ambulante Gesundheitsversorgung spielt für die Erkennung und Behandlung von Gesundheitsproblemen eine wichtige Rolle. Informationen zur Nutzung der unterschiedlichen Versorgungsangebote und deren Einflussfaktoren werden zur gesundheitspolitischen Steuerung und Sicherstellung einer bedarfsgerechten Versorgung benötigt. Der vorliegende Beitrag enthält aktuelle Daten zur Inanspruchnahme ambulanter Gesundheitsleistungen auf Basis der Studie Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS), einer bundesweiten Querschnittbefragung der in Deutschland lebenden Wohnbevölkerung und Bestandteil des Gesundheitsmonitorings am Robert Koch-Institut. Rund 80 % der ab 18-jährigen Bevölkerung waren mindestens einmal im Jahr in haus- beziehungsweise allgemeinärztlicher, 60 % in fachärztlicher, 10 % in psychiatrischer oder psychotherapeutischer Behandlung. Weniger als die Hälfte der Anspruchsberechtigten nahm einen Stuhltest in den letzten zwei Jahren, etwas mehr als die Hälfte eine Darmspiegelung innerhalb der letzten zehn Jahre in Anspruch. Rund 80 % der Frauen und 70 % der Männer ließen innerhalb eines Jahres ihren Blutdruck, jeweils rund 60 % Blutfettwerte und Blutzucker kontrollieren. Über 50 % gaben an, in den letzten zwei Wochen ärztlich verordnete Medikamente eingenommen zu haben. Tendenziell nimmt bei den meisten der betrachteten Indikatoren die Inanspruchnahme mit dem Alter zu und ist bei Frauen höher als bei Männern, Ausnahme ist unter anderem die psychiatrische und psychotherapeutische Inanspruchnahme.

Flexible ternary carbon black/Bi2Te3 based alloy/polylactic acid (CB/BTBA/PLA) composites were fabricated by additive manufacturing and their thermoelectric properties were investigated from 300 K to 360 K. At 300 K, as the mass ratios of BTBAs in the composites increased from 38.5% to 71.4%, both the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the composites increased from 5.8 S/cm to 13.3 S/cm, and from 60.2 mV/K to 119.9 mV/K, respectively, and the thermal conductivity slightly increased from 0.15 W m(-1)K(-1) to 0.25 W m(-1)K(-1), as a result, the ZT value of the composites increased from 0.004 to 0.023. As the temperature increased from 300 K to 360 K, the electrical conductivity of all the composites slightly decreased, while the thermal conductivity slowly increased, and a highest ZT value of 0.024 was achieved for the composites with 71.4% BTBAs at 320 K. Unlike traditional sterolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser melting, etc., this additive manufacturing process can directly print the solutions which contain inorganic fillers and polymer matrixes into almost any designed intricate geometries of thermoelectric composites, therefore this process has great potential to be used for fabrication of flexible polymer based thermoelectric composites and devices. (C) 2020 The Chinese Ceramic Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. ; Funding Agencies|Shanghai Innovation Action Plan Project [17090503600]; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [11811530636, 61504081, 61611530550]; Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Young Eastern Scholar Program) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning [QD2015039]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2016-3365]; Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [46519-1]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Academy Fellows program; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009 00971]

Graphite/poly(3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposites were prepared by an in-situ oxidative polymerization process. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the graphite/PEDOT nanocomposites with different content of graphite were measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 380 K. The results show that as the content of graphite increased from 0 to 37.2 wt %, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites increased sharply from 3.6 S/cm to 80.1 S/cm, while the Seebeck coefficient kept almost the same value (in the range between 12.0 V/K to 15.1 V/K) at 300 K, which lead to an increased power factor. The Seebeck coefficient of the nanocomposites increased from 300 K to 380 K, while the electrical conductivity did not substantially depend on the measurement temperature. As a result, a power factor of 3.2 Wm(-1) K-2 at 380 K was obtained for the nanocomposites with 37.2 wt % graphite. ; Funding Agencies|National Natural Science Foundation of China [61504081, 61611530550]; Shanghai Innovation action plan project [17090503600]; Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Young Eastern Scholar Program) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning [QD2015039]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) through the Future Research Leaders 5 program; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009 00971]