Suchergebnisse

Deepak Bhojwani, Latin America, the Caribbean and India: Promise and Challenge. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2012, pp. 212, ₹795.

This work is based on a review of contemporary transformations of Colombian law, seeking to characterize the mining governance model from 1991 Constitution until now. To this end, a comparison is developed between the immediately preceding legal system (the Mining Code of 1988), followed by the Law 685 (current Mining Code), to arrive at the legal and social discussions that would lead to declare unconstitutional the latest legislative changes (Act 1382 of 2010). This exercise intends to delineate the management of mineral resources under the tension between policies of economic liberalization and social rights recognized in the new constitution. As a conclusion, it questions the current governance system compared to previous mining governance models implemented in the country. Then, a parallel between the Colombian legislation and the main elements that are changing in the Chilean mining legislation is done. Then, it analyzes how and administration that seeks, at all cost, to provide the best guarantee that the mining is done in accordance with multinational interests, can become an accessory of dispossession against the small miners in territories inhabited by many ethnic populations. ; Este trabajo se sustenta en una revisión a las transformaciones contemporáneas de la legislación colombiana, buscando caracterizar cual es el modelo de gobernabilidad minera a partir de la Constitución de 1991. Para tal fin se desarrolla un ejercicio comparativo entre el sistema legislativo inmediatamente precedente (el Código minero de 1988), continuando con la legislación que gravita alrededor de la Ley 685 (Código minero vigente), para finalizar con los discusiones jurídicas y sociales que llevarían a declarar inexequible la última de las reformas legislativas (Ley 1382 del 2010). Este ejercicio busca delinear la administración de los recursos mineros bajo la tensión entre las políticas de apertura económica y los derechos sociales consagrados en la nueva constitución. A modo de conclusión se problematiza el actual sistema de gobernanza minera frente a anteriores modelos de gobernanza minera implementados en el país. Luego, se realiza un paralelo entre la legislación colombiana y los principales elementos que vienen transformándose en la legislación minera chilena. Finalmente, se plantea hasta que punto una administración del subsuelo que busca a toda costa ofrecer las mejores garantías para que la explotación minera se realice de acuerdo a los intereses multinacionales, puede convertirse en herramienta de despojo hacia la pe6queña minería y numerosos territorios habitados por poblaciones étnicas.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Ocean in Figures -- Chapter 3: Humanity and the Oceans. A Relationship Through the Ages -- Chapter 4: Ocean, Health, and Human Well-being -- Chapter 5: Risks Associated with the Ocean -- Chapter 6: The Deterioration of the Ocean (OR: Ocean Deterioration) -- Chapter 7:The Impact of Climate Change on the Ocean -- Chapter 8: Ocean Biodiversity Crises -- Chapter 9: Conserving and Governing the Ocean -- Chapter 10:Epilogue: The Ocean in the Future of Humanity.

Seagrasses cover about 0.1-0.2% of the global ocean, and develop highly productive ecosystems which fulfil a key role in the coastal ecosystem. Widespread seagrass loss results from direct human impacts, including mechanical damage (by dredging, fishing, and anchoring), eutrophication, aquaculture, siltation, effects of coastal constructions, and food web alterations; and indirect human impacts, including negative effects of climate change (erosion by rising sea level, increased storms, increased ultraviolet irradiance), as well as from natural causes, such as cyclones and floods. The present review summarizes such threats and trends and considers likely changes to the 2025 time horizon. Present losses are expected to accelerate, particularly in South-east Asia and the Caribbean, as human pressure on the coastal zone grows. Positive human effects include increased legislation to protect seagrass, increased protection of coastal ecosystems, and enhanced efforts to monitor and restore the marine ecosystem. However, these positive effects are unlikely to balance the negative impacts, which are expected to be particularly prominent in developing tropical regions, where the capacity to implement conservation policies is limited. Uncertainties as to the present loss rate, derived from the paucity of coherent monitoring programmes, and the present inability to formulate reliable predictions as to the future rate of loss, represent a major barrier to the formulation of global conservation policies. Three key actions are needed to ensure the effective conservation of seagrass ecosystems: (1) the development of a coherent worldwide monitoring network, (2) the development of quantitative models predicting the responses of seagrasses to disturbance, and (3) the education of the public on the functions of seagrass meadows and the impacts of human activity. ; Peer Reviewed

This article outlines the normative framework of collective property rights granted to ethnic-rural actors in Colombia. It identifies the structural determinants and the social distribution of rural property in Colombia from a geographic, social and legislative perspective. It builds on this argument by a survey of the agrarian legislation that grants collective territorial rights: Resguardos (indigenous reservations), Afro-descendant collective territories, and zonas de reserva campesina (peasant-farmer reserved zones). We then explore the benefits and limitations resulting from each of them, as well as their impact on the distribution and unequal territorial appropriation by ethnic-rural and rural actors in Colombia. ; El presente texto aborda los principales lineamientos normativos e impactos sociales de los derechos de propiedad colectivos para los actores étnico-rurales en Colombia. Identifica condicionantes, beneficios y limitantes del ordenamiento social de la propiedad rural en Colombia, desde una perspectiva geográfica, legislativa y social. Para lograr estos objetivos, rastrea y analiza la legislación sobre derechos de propiedad que sustenta la existencia y aplicabilidad de las diferentes figuras territoriales —como los resguardos, los territorios colectivos para comunidades afrodescendientes y las reservas campesinas en el ámbito rural colombiano—, identificando los principales beneficios y limitantes de cada una de ellas, así como su respectiva incidencia en las lógicas de distribución y apropiación territorial desigual de las comunidades étnico-rurales y rurales a escala nacional. ; Este texto aborda os principais lineamentos regulatórios e impactos sociais dos direitos de propriedade coletivos para os atores étnico-rurais na Colômbia. Identifica condicionantes, benefícios e limitantes do ordenamento social da propriedade rural no país, sob uma perspectiva geográfica, legislativa e social. Para atingir esses objetivos, investiga e analisa a legislação sobre direitos de propriedade que apoia a existência e aplicabilidade das diferentes figuras territoriais — como os resguardos, os territórios coletivos para comunidades afrodescendentes e as reservas camponesas no âmbito rural colombiano —, identificando os principais benefícios e limitantes de cada uma delas, bem como sua respectiva incidência nas lógicas de distribuição e apropriação territorial desigual das comunidades étnico-rurais no âmbito nacional.

Background: Public beliefs concerning the causes of mental disorders are important in their effective treatment. The relative importance of public beliefs related to the etiology of mental disorders among Chinese populations and their relationship to other attitudes to mental disorders are poorly understood. Aims: To investigate the endorsement of beliefs related to the etiology of mental disorders in Macau, in particular, traditional Chinese beliefs, and to explore their relationship to general attitudes towards mental disorders. Methods: A survey of 361 members of the public measured attitudes towards 32 possible causes of mental disorders as well as contact with and social distance from individuals with a mental disorder. Results: The results indicated that traditional Chinese beliefs were ranked with relatively low importance compared with psychosocial causes. Traditional beliefs related to two underlying factors and were significantly higher in participants with lower education levels. There was a significant negative correlation between endorsement of traditional beliefs and contact with individuals with a mental disorder and a significant positive correlation between endorsement of traditional beliefs and desired social distance from individuals with a mental disorder. Conclusion: Factors underlying traditional Chinese beliefs concerning the causes of mental disorders are associated with more negative attitudes towards individuals with a mental disorder, with such beliefs more strongly endorsed by those with relatively lower education levels.

Análisis de las alegaciones del caso Eix-Llacuna. Síntesis de alegaciones de la exposición pública (29 Dic 2002) de la primera aprobación inicial ; Postprint (published version)

Clasificación de los temas alegados con respecto al número de solicitudes que cada agente realizó. Exposición pública (29 Dic 2002) de la primera aprobación inicial (24 Dic 2001) ; Postprint (published version)