Suchergebnisse

En el período 1930-1976 en nuestro país, los quebrantamientos del orden institucional mediante la sustitución abrupta de un gobierno elegido electoralmente por otro emanado de la fuerza (militar), dieron forma a distintas situaciones de excepción. Es decir, se originan determinadas facultades extraordinarias de gobernantes para convertirse en regímenes de facto. La ilegalidad nace así de la inconstitucionalidad y concentración de facultades que corresponden a dos poderes bien diferenciados del Estado: el ejecutivo y el legislativo (Duhalde; 1999:207-216). Es así como, los diferentes golpes de estado que se reiteran desde 1930 tendrán esa misma esencia. Sin embargo, desde 1955 hasta 1976 se irán radicalizando cada vez más en sus objetivos de destrucción de aquella identidad peronista que se había ido forjando desde 1943. La sutil diferencia de los anteriores procesos militares con el de 1976 radica en que los mismos se correspondieron con un modelo clásico de gobierno militar de carácter transitorio (remedio a una crisis política), pero sin intentar cambiar la naturaleza del Estado mismo y donde la supresión de las libertades y garantías constitucionales (muchas veces crueles), se asumió como una necesidad momentánea, sin negar la justeza del estado democrático como forma legítima y perdurable de organización social. La dictadura implantada en 1976 se enmarca en un nuevo fenómeno que se desarrolla a escala continental cuando surgen en el Cono Sur, dictaduras de carácter institucional con relación a las fuerzas armadas, donde la personalidad del gobernante es una mera circunstancia y se pone de relieve una fría concepción tecnocrática, acorde con los intereses del gran capital y fundadas en la Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional (Duhalde; 1999: 207-216). A partir de allí, los objetivos en la Argentina claramente son dos. Por un lado, "aplicar una política económica que arruinó al país, sumiendo al sector popular en miserias que nunca conoció y enviando a buena parte de la burguesía a la quiebra" (O'Donnell; 1983:8). Por el otro, la represión más cruda de toda forma de contestación, basada en una idea de sociedad entendida como organismo enfermo. La Argentina pasaba a ser "una sociedad en guerra, con lo que se configuraban como prioritarias las tareas militares de extirpación del cáncer subversivo en todas sus ramificaciones"(Cavarozzi; 1987:63-64). ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Abstract.  In this article we present evidence about the factors that determine four gradual decisions on the part of adolescents to attempt suicide. To that end, we estimate a series of binary choice models by using data drawn from the U.S. National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys corresponding to 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997. Our results show that the decisions to attempt suicide are motivated by both demographic and psychosocial variables, such as gender, age, ethnicity, education failure, possession of a gun, habitual participation in sporting activities, individual weight perception, and taking pills or provoking vomiting to lose weight. Moreover, we also find that a significant degree of influence is exerted by another group of factors, such as the consumption of drugs, sexual relationships, and, finally, pregnancy.

From 1860 the Spanish agricultural sector has gone through an intensive process of development resulting in important structural changes, not only in the sector itself, but also regarding the relationship of the agrarian system with natural resources. These changes were closely related to the growing per capita income in the long term, an increasing degree of integration in international markets and profound political changes. During the last 150 years, the volume of Spanish agricultural production experienced a great increase, notably affecting the consumption of domestic water resources and entailing the need for the construction of waterworks, key for the development of irrigation. In this context, this paper studies the evolution of domestic water consumption as a consequence of the increasing agricultural production, as well as the impact that the growing needs for water had on the construction of infrastructure for irrigation. To that aim, we estimate the water footprint of the Spanish agricultural sector, that is, we will try to obtain the water consumed in the production of vegetal and animal goods for five different years: 1860, 1900, 1930, 1962 and 2010. From these results, a detailed analysis of the trends on water consumption and changes in compositional patterns is carried out. Moreover, we collect the available information on the building of new irrigation infrastructure to examine to what extent the development of the agricultural sector conditioned the construction of new irrigation infrastructure. Finally, a Decomposition Analysis (DA) is applied to analytically identify and quantify the main explaining factors behind the evolution followed by the increase in agricultural water consumption in the long term. ; Desde 1860, el sector agrario español ha experimentado un intenso proceso de desarrollo, que ha implicado importantes cambios estructurales, tanto en el propio sector como en la relación de éste con el medio natural. Estos cambios han estado fuertemente ligados a la creciente renta per cápita, a la fuerte integración comercial y a profundas transformaciones políticas. Durante los últimos 150 años, la producción agraria española ha crecido fuertemente, lo cual ha generado un creciente consumo de recursos hídricos y ha hecho necesaria la construcción de infraestructuras hidráulicas, claves para el desarrollo el regadío. En este contexto, este trabajo estudia la evolución del consumo doméstico de agua como resultado del crecimiento de la producción agraria, así como el impacto que las crecientes necesidades de agua han tenido sobre la construcción de infraestructuras para regadío. Con este objetivo, se estima la huella hídrica de la agricultura española, esto es, se trata de obtener el agua consumida para producir productos animales y vegetales en cinco periodos: 1860, 1900, 1930, 1962 y 2010. Una vez calculada el agua incorporada en la agricultura española, se lleva a cabo un estudio de las principales tendencias y cambios composicionales del consumo de agua. A partir de la información existente sobre la construcción de infraestructuras de regadío, se examina en qué medida el desarrollo del sector agrario condicionó la construcción de nuevas infraestructuras. Finalmente, se aplica un análisis de descomposición (DA) que permite identificar y cuantificar los factores explicativos de la senda seguida por el consumo de agua agrario en el largo plazo.

While economic and environmental policies and strategies are largely designed at the international, national or regional level, the environmental impacts of these measures are often felt at a more geographically-localized level. In particular, the effects on water resources, especially regarding water pollution and water stress, are usually localized in very specific hotspots. In this work, we acknowledge these facts and attempt to identify the linkages among the 17 regions in Spain (a semi-arid country with significant geographical variations in water availability), the European Union (EU), and the Rest of the World (RW), while also looking at the local effects of those interactions. In particular, we study the grey water footprints (a measure of the assimilation capacity of water resources) of production, at both the regional and business level, with spatially explicit information, and the extension of those footprints throughout the supply chain, while also computing the water footprints of consumption at the regional level. This process is a combination of a detailed computation of grey water footprints from production, from agriculture (from diffuse pollution), and from more general economic activities (from point source pollution), with a multiregional input–output model that encompasses the 17 Spanish Regions, the EU, and the RW. We also identify hotspots and vulnerable areas, linking the grey water footprints from production originating in these areas to final-consumer responsibilities. As an example of the potential of the combined methodology, we design and evaluate the effects on grey water footprints of scenarios of import substitutions in Spain. Our results show strong final demand in regions such as Madrid and Catalonia, and in net exporting regions such as Andalusia, Aragon, Castile and Leon, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura, and Navarre. Some of these regions contain areas that are clearly vulnerable to nitrates and other pollutants, and parts of these regions, most obviously in Andalusia and Extremadura, suffer water stress, which leads us to question the sustainability of the relationships between the structure of production and trade and the environment.

Economic growth has different impacts on gender gaps. In recent decades the growing participation of women in the labour market has reduced the gender employment gap, however a notable gender pay gap still persists standing at around 15% on average in the European Union. In this context, this paper evaluates the impact of economic growth patterns on the evolution of gender employment and pay gaps. First, sectorial feminization, direct discrimination, and structural change factors are identified and evaluated as ways to explain changes observed in the gender pay gap. Second, we explore the influence of demand, technology, and intensity factors on the evolution of employment combining gender, skill, sectorial, and temporal perspectives. As a case study, we examine Spanish economic growth from 1980 to 2007 and the influences on the size, composition (by skill), and distribution (by sector) of female and male employment, as well as the consequences for gender gaps. Our results show that structural change contributed to reduce the gender employment gap in Spain; while the evolution of the gender pay gap is less conclusive, following a sort of inverted U-shape. This paper shows the suitability and potential of the multisectorial input-output framework to analyse structural and technological changes and their impacts on the gender employment and pay gaps.

Economic growth has different impacts on gender gaps. Despite that the incorporation of women into the labour market drove towards a convergence with male participation in recent decades, a notable gender pay gap still persists standing at around 15% on average in the European Union. In this context, this paper evaluates the impact of economic growth patterns on the evolution of female employment and gender pay gaps. As a case study, we examine Spanish economic growth from 1980 to 2007 and the influences on the size, composition (by skill), and distribution (by sector) of female and male employment, as well as the consequences for gender gaps. First, sectorial feminization, direct discrimination, and structural change factors are identified and evaluated as sources of change in gender pay gap. Second, we explore the influence of demand, technology, and intensity factors on the evolution of employment in Spain, combining gender, skill, sectorial, and temporal perspectives

The use of water resources has traditionally been studied by accounting for the volume of water removed from sources for specific uses. This approach focuses on surface and groundwater only and it ignores that international trade of products with substantial amounts of embodied water can have an impact on domestic water resources. Using current economic and environmental data, we conduct a consumption-based assessment of virtual water flows in the European Union (EU27). We find that the total water footprint (WF) of 2,280 cubic meters (m3) per capita for the EU27 mostly consists of green water use (precipitation stored as soil moisture), which is omitted in the conventional water accounting. Blue water (surface and groundwater.) and gray water use (the volume of freshwater needed to dilute pollutants to meet the applicable water quality standards), which are targeted by current EU water policies, only make up 32% of the total WF. We also find that Europeans imported 585 cubic kilometers (km3) (109 m3) of virtual water, or around 28% of global virtual water trade flows, in 2009. Within Europe, Germany is a key net importer of water through the trade of products in agriculture, the food industry, the chemical sector, and electricity generation. Countries in Southern and Eastern Europe have specialized in water-intensive agriculture and are key exporters of virtual water despite experiencing physical scarcity of water. Our results suggest that there is a need to reconsider water policy in the EU to address water transfers occurring through trade and to grasp the interlinkages between green, blue, and gray water—which are likely to become more important in water-scarce parts of Europe, with a changing climate.