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Purpose – The main objective of this paper is to shed light on the confusion of terminologies related to open innovation through the development of an open innovation taxonomy. By analyzing published case studies using numerical taxonomy methods, it proposes a taxonomic classification of open innovation. Design/methodology/approach – Earlier work on firm collaboration and concepts related to open innovation in order to understand the main motivations, and conditions behind open innovation-like strategies is first to be reviewed in this paper. It then proceeds to collect and systematically analyze 20 published case studies, and using numerical taxonomy methods it produces a taxonomic classification of open innovation. As a first approach to taxonomy on open innovation strategies, the UPGMA methodology used seems very promising. The taxonomy of open innovation developed here can also be used as a decision-making tool through the comparison of open innovation strategies inherent in the taxonomy. Findings – Through the numerical taxonomy analysis the paper has been able to objectively create groups of similar cases, and strategies therein. This paper is able to draw some interesting conclusions by identifying two general strategies of collaboration - a free revealing "democratic" strategy and a formal collaboration strategy. The first involves a proliferation of partners whose technical and creative skills are specific to the industry and the source of knowledge, and where the degree of interaction plays an important role. The second broad strategy of cooperation is linked to more formal collaboration, generally firm-firm collaboration; in this group a large focus on markets features, especially technological intensity, was found. Originality/value – This paper adds objectivity to the research of different open innovation strategies by using a method developed in the natural sciences. Based on a systematic review of literature, the paper was able to identify key characters describing features and come up with a taxonomy of open innovation, which goes a significant way towards making sense of the plethora of terminology related to open innovation. Key features of different open innovation strategies are also revealed.

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents decision-makers elected after land reforms wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto.

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents' decision-makers elected after land reforms – wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto. ; peer-reviewed

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents' decision-makers elected after land reforms – wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto.

This book analyzes issues related to multinational corporations, their immense economic and political influence in a globalized world, and corporate social responsibility. It offers a unique discussion of corporate social responsibility in the emerging economies of Brazil, India, South Africa, China, Bangladesh, Chile, and the Philippines.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin of Boer x Saanen crossbred goat kids. Twenty-seven carcasses were used, 13 females and 14 uncastrated males with an average age of 192 days, weighing 30.76 kg, distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (diet and sex). The yeast was added to the feed before pelletising in a proportion of 0.050 g/kg dry matter (DM). When the goats reached an average of 30 kg of live weight, they were slaughtered. No effects of live yeast on quantitative carcass and qualitative characteristics of shoulder and loin were observed. Regarding sex, males had higher slaughter weights (31.73 kg), empty carcass weight (27.98 kg), hot carcass weight (14.39 kg), cold carcass weight (14.22 kg), higher carcass compactness index (0.28 kg/cm), lower slaughter age (176 days) and lower cooling loss (1.20%). For the cut yields, females presented a higher loin yield (11.55%) and males presented a higher neck yield (6.84%). In the shoulder, males presented a higher proportion of bone (18.58%), while females presented a higher proportion of fat (17.09%) and muscle:bone (3.47). In the loin, females showed higher fat deposition (19.54%) in relation to males. The inclusion of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the crossbred goat kids' diet did not generate differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin.