Suchergebnisse

Using the case of French contemporary poetry, this article investigates the organization of "pure" art forms. These are highly legitimate art forms which, instead of being profit-oriented, comprise actors who strive primarily for esthetic recognition. The organizational life of such arts is based on a new academy system which is in some regards comparable to that of the 17th century—leading me to call the current system a "return to the academy." I define an academy system as an assemblage of artistic institutions coupled with public funding for artists and artistic organizations. This two-pronged system organizes the arts along four dimensions: strategic, administrative, ideological, and professional. Its strategic mission is to support artistic creation, spread cultural democracy, and guarantee the construction and transmission of literary heritage. Paradoxically, the State cannot make these choices directly, firstly because of the widely accepted autonomy of art, and secondly because, in a democracy, the State can no longer select artists according to an explicit ideology. The academy is thereby "invisible." Second paradox, its organization has led to the marketization of pure arts, and the transformation of artists into independent workers providing goods and services. Finally, I discuss how this system fits a new consumerist definition of culture, based on "traces" that have to be recorded and managed as heritage. These findings question the typical narrative that the arts were emancipated from the patronage system thanks to the market, as this does not apply to most artists.

L'image commune du poète renvoie plus qu'une autre au créateur exceptionnel, dont la gloire s'établit à la mesure de son génie, inexplicable sinon par une singularité inaccessible à l'analyse. En distinguant deux moments dans la construction sociale de la consécration, reconnaissance et renommée, cet article montre que la gloire s'obtient au bout d'un long chemin balisé par des passages obligés. Il y a en poésie une voie à suivre pour la consécration, identifiée pour les poètes au moyen de régularités statistiques. La gloire s'élabore dans les structures du monde de l'art où agit le créateur, et l'exemple de la poésie remet au cœur de l'analyse sociologique la compétence artistique et les choix esthétiques engagés très tôt par les poètes. Cette construction sociale de la gloire intéresse tous les acteurs d'une production très légitime qui assure, dans le long terme, la postérité de ses meilleurs représentants aussi bien que les profits économiques.

The consecration of artists is a fundamental issue in the study of artistic fields. Status theory proposes that consecration (or "status") is constructed through associations between actors, leading the actors to choose partners whose status is comparable to theirs. This theory, widely used in the study of artistic consecration, tends to undersocialize actors as it only considers their relative position in the status order. In particular, it hypothesizes that when two actors associate, they do so on the basis of their relative position in their respective areas of reference. Yet status theory can be accused of ignoring the aesthetic dimension of the works produced. In other words, it overlooks what makes art worlds distinct from other fields of production. The aim of this article is to complete this hypothesis by showing how aesthetic affinities can contribute to pairing choices (between a publisher and a poet, in particular), and how these aesthetic affinities can play a determining role in unequal artistic consecration.

Different Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) layers properties are evaluated after annealing steps at temperatures above 200°C, in order to study their potential use in crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells fabrication processes. While the conductivity of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) layers obtained by magnetron sputtering (MS) is almost stable after annealing in air, Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) layers deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) need a controlled atmosphere to maintain high carrier densities and mobilities. During the annealing processes, contaminating atoms (such as Zn) diffuse into the c-Si bulk and may potentially decrease its quality. Thus, both the contamination of the c-Si bulk and the properties of the AZO layer have been analyzed. ; This project has received funding from the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727529.

Se promener, c'est-à-dire se déplacer d'un lieu à un autre pour le plaisir, est une pratique qui, en Europe, se développe surtout à partir du XVIIIe siècle. L'essor de la promenade est un phénomène culturel qui est à la fois lié à l'évolution des modes de déplacement, au développement des loisirs, à la demande de nouveaux modes de sociabilité, à l'essor économique et scientifique, ainsi qu'aux grands chantiers d'embellissement des villes. Cet ouvrage a pour objectif d'explorer cette histoire de la pratique de la promenade au tournant des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles en Belgique, en France, en Angleterre et en Allemagne.