Suchergebnisse

Résumé L'écologie urbaine, largement popularisée depuis le sommet de Rio (1992), est aujourd'hui promue par bon nombre d'élus et d'aménageurs. Elle intéresse tout particulièrement les paysagistes qui travaillent avec le matériau naturel, le sol, l'air, l'eau, le végétal. Leurs pratiques et leurs discours ont évolué pour répondre à la nouvelle commande publique. Est ici relatée l'une des premières créations paysagistes s'inspirant des notions de l'écologie scientifique, le Jardin naturel à Paris dans le quartier du Père-Lachaise.

The Problem of the Landscape : An Inventory

The landscape is now a fashionable topic. This is not the first time. Since the 1960s, this topic has been periodically revived, and then neglected. This accounts for much of the repetition in administrative and political authorities' current discourses — a criticism that also sometimes holds for scientific research. Herein, this research is placed in a historical perspective, and it is shown how different disciplines have contributed to this topic. Emphasis has been laid on themes shared by several disciplines. There are many obvious points of convergence. The basic paradigm has been redefined to take into account new issues about the landscape, in particular the rural landscape.

Housing Developments, Urban Transplants in the Countryside

Housing developments are urban transplants in rural areas for two reasons. First of all, mostly city-dwellers come to reside there while still going to work in the city. Secondly, procedures by and for urban areas have been used to build these developments, which, since the mid- 19th century, have been a major means for the city to colonize the countryside. In areas to be preserved as rural, the development formula, too often applied in a stereotyped way, carries the risks of deteriorating the landscape and living conditions.

F. Dubost
New professionals of land-planning and urbanism
Different social changes created many different structures and jobs in the area of land-planning and environment. The present conditions of work within these professions provide young people with professional ideology in perfect harmony with local social movements and associations. This probably could explain, what the author does not say, their strong participation in these movements. This analysis shows how interesting can be an approach to the educated middle class through the study of the professions, which is rather new, instead of an approach through their out-of-job social activities.

Françoise Dubost
Landscape designers and the invention of landscape.
How does the landscape designers' profession work out its identity, at the meeting point of a range of lines of force, — such is the issue of this article, which proceeds in analysing the history of training institutions, the strategy of professional organizations, the nature of order, the pres¬ sure of exogenous competition, indétermination of landscape's own definition, and the divisions among the professional world itself. In this case as well as in others, identity is obviously a problem and a stake.

Dans l'utopie du développement durable on trouve le thème récurrent de l'hygiénisme : restaurer le lien entre l'homme et la nature pour guérir les maux engendrés par la civilisation urbaine et industrielle. D'une idéologie à l'autre, le vrai changement correspond à la mode de l'écologie urbaine. A la volonté de gérer les tensions sociales s'ajoutent l'idée d'un nécessaire changement des relations entre l'homme et la nature et l'obligation de réparer la nature pour qu'elle retrouve son rôle réparateur. Un vigoureux militantisme associatif se réclame aujourd'hui de l'unité du vivant, de la solidarité de destin entre les hommes, les animaux et les plantes, et entend sur ces bases nouvelles requalifier l'ensemble du cadre de vie et restaurer le lien social. Administrateurs et responsables politiques s'en inspirent largement, et parfois s'en servent comme d'un alibi jusqu'à faire du développement durable un discours convenu.

Architecture without architects : an unvoluntary aesthetics ?

The problem of the aesthetics of rural architecture has been handled, or covered up, in various ways by specialists in their analyses, typologies and inventory procedures, as well as in the practical applications of their research. Various disciplines have treated this topic differently depending on their conceptual approaches and methods as well as their social and institutional histories. In this respect, it is telling to compare what ethnologists, art historians and architects have to say.