Suchergebnisse

Ajout à la version précédente de mon nom et de mon affiliation professionnelle en lieu et place de mes initiales et ajout d'un résumé (en français et en anglais) conformément à la demande du modérateur ; This article reviews recent literature on the subject of deeds in the field of crime and terrorism. The concept of action proposed in the 1980s by situational crime prevention theory was based on an assumption of optimality: criminals proceed as best they can with the information at their disposal. As a result, it resulted in a prevention policy aiming to provide offenders with additional information that was supposed to deter them from taking action, such as the ostensible increase in the number of surveillance cameras. The development of behavioural sciences renders the optimality hypothesis largely obsolete, and suggests that a prevention policy should be based on the "cognitive biases" underlying the effective behaviour of offenders. On this basis, an "experimental" criminology can be developed that is better based on the available data. It remains to articulate, in these data, those resulting from the intuitive and direct experience of the police officers and those deposited in the large databases that record criminal acts. Arguments are given to rule out, in both criminology and medicine, the outright replacement of practitioners' intuitive knowledge by the use of Big Data and the idea of "continuous learning systems" is proposed and discussed in place of this substitution. Some conclusions have been drawn for the French situation in terms of security research. ; L'article analyse la littérature récente relative au passage à l'acte dans le domaine du crime et du terrorisme. La conception du passage à l'acte proposée dans les années 1980 par la théorie situationnelle de la prévention du crime reposait sur une hypothèse d'optimalité : les criminels procèdent au mieux compte tenu des informations dont ils disposent. Elle avait pour conséquence une politique de prévention consistant à fournir aux délinquants ...

Ajout à la version précédente de mon nom et de mon affiliation professionnelle en lieu et place de mes initiales et ajout d'un résumé (en français et en anglais) conformément à la demande du modérateur ; This article reviews recent literature on the subject of deeds in the field of crime and terrorism. The concept of action proposed in the 1980s by situational crime prevention theory was based on an assumption of optimality: criminals proceed as best they can with the information at their disposal. As a result, it resulted in a prevention policy aiming to provide offenders with additional information that was supposed to deter them from taking action, such as the ostensible increase in the number of surveillance cameras. The development of behavioural sciences renders the optimality hypothesis largely obsolete, and suggests that a prevention policy should be based on the "cognitive biases" underlying the effective behaviour of offenders. On this basis, an "experimental" criminology can be developed that is better based on the available data. It remains to articulate, in these data, those resulting from the intuitive and direct experience of the police officers and those deposited in the large databases that record criminal acts. Arguments are given to rule out, in both criminology and medicine, the outright replacement of practitioners' intuitive knowledge by the use of Big Data and the idea of "continuous learning systems" is proposed and discussed in place of this substitution. Some conclusions have been drawn for the French situation in terms of security research. ; L'article analyse la littérature récente relative au passage à l'acte dans le domaine du crime et du terrorisme. La conception du passage à l'acte proposée dans les années 1980 par la théorie situationnelle de la prévention du crime reposait sur une hypothèse d'optimalité : les criminels procèdent au mieux compte tenu des informations dont ils disposent. Elle avait pour conséquence une politique de prévention consistant à fournir aux délinquants ...

International audience ; We must keep in mind some numerical data when we evoke the transition from the paper to the digital age. In particular, the following contrast speaksfor itself:1. All the books ever written represent 50 billion bytes.2. The information produced in 2006 represents 150 quintillion (150 x 1018) bytes. That is to say, during 2006 alone, the world produced three milliontimes the informational content of all the books ever written.3. Things continue in this way at high speed: the only internet track of May 2009 has generated 500 billion bytes.Thus, our paper-based heritage is already a tiny fraction of what the human race has produced and this fraction decreases, relatively, every day. Viewingthese data, the conception of a digitization enterprise should be thought of and considered by humanists as enlarged. The narrow acceptance of theproject – the view that it is merely a technical process of converting our paper-borne heritage into electronic form – is dramatically insufficient. Toparaphrase Clemenceau's famous words about war and militaries, digitization may be too serious a thing to be left to the digitizers alone. Scholarsmust face the issue and understand it as one of the most important problems they have to deal with and, as I will argue, as a real opportunity to renewtheir practices and disciplines.

International audience ; We must keep in mind some numerical data when we evoke the transition from the paper to the digital age. In particular, the following contrast speaksfor itself:1. All the books ever written represent 50 billion bytes.2. The information produced in 2006 represents 150 quintillion (150 x 1018) bytes. That is to say, during 2006 alone, the world produced three milliontimes the informational content of all the books ever written.3. Things continue in this way at high speed: the only internet track of May 2009 has generated 500 billion bytes.Thus, our paper-based heritage is already a tiny fraction of what the human race has produced and this fraction decreases, relatively, every day. Viewingthese data, the conception of a digitization enterprise should be thought of and considered by humanists as enlarged. The narrow acceptance of theproject – the view that it is merely a technical process of converting our paper-borne heritage into electronic form – is dramatically insufficient. Toparaphrase Clemenceau's famous words about war and militaries, digitization may be too serious a thing to be left to the digitizers alone. Scholarsmust face the issue and understand it as one of the most important problems they have to deal with and, as I will argue, as a real opportunity to renewtheir practices and disciplines.

S'il faut bien reconnaître que le mathématicien est un "écrivant", on ne saurait pour autant dénier à son écriture un but bien spécifique : produire des preuves. Du coup, l'étude "stylistique" de démonstrations permet de différencier plus sérieusement les genres scientifique et littéraire.