Suchergebnisse

Within the framework of the presented article, the authors reviewed the prerequisites for the formation of national entrepreneurship during the reign of Peter I and Catherine II on the basis of a review of a wide range of Russian and foreign historical sources. The data obtained during the research made it possible to define the form of the national economy structure in the periods under review, as well as to structure the main negative (from the financial, economic and institutional point of view) moments of the results of the reign of two significant Russian reformers. On the basis of historical parallels, the authors convincingly substantiate that the management mistakes made in the economic and financial transformations initiated during the reign of Peter I and Catherine II tend to repeat, which greatly restricts the entrepreneurial initiative and economic activity in modern Russian society. Copyright © 2017 by Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o. Copyright © 2017 by Sochi State University.

The article considers the main provisions of the legislation of the ASEAN countries in the field of technology transfer (within the framework of foreign investments projects, by other means). The authors study the regulatory prescriptions in the corresponding sphere at the international, regional and national levels. What is understood under the technology transfer is studied. The creation and activity of enterprises with foreign capital and the peculiarities of contractual arrangements of the technology transfer are emphasized; some aspects of the privileged mode for joint-venture enterprises with foreign companies and sale to the local enterprises under licenses in the form of (non-)patented know-how are covered. The conclusions of the provided material are made. © Serials Publications Pvt. Ltd.

In all countries under consideration, legal regulation of proprietary relationships is a reflection of the current level of social and economic development of these states, as well as of the objective necessity of including certain proprietary legal institutions into the system of rights for things: • the process of civil legislation reformation in Brazil and China, in so far as it relates to the institutions of the right of ownership and limited proprietary rights, is acceptable to be admitted as generally successful and meeting the stated objectives. The proprietary legislation of the Republic of South Africa is marked by high stability; • in spite of being based on Roman-Dutch proprietary rights legal institutions, the law of South Africa receives the required development due to the judges' interpretative activity in the process of creating case laws. Such situation is determined by the fact that during the period of English rule the Republic of South Africa adopted the type of judicial system organization and activity common for the common law countries;• the improvement of legal systems, as well as the unification and harmonization of national legislations of China, Brazil and the Republic of South Africa, ensures the creation of a unified approach to social and political, and legal interaction, which ensures compliance with the private law and proprietary rights as the basic rights of democratic societies oriented to sustainable social and economic development. © 2016, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved.

The current changes confirm the hypothesis that future economic transformations, as well as social and political interaction, will change their direction and that the American-European dominance will be minimized by the active development of the Eurasian and Asia-Africa region. In the medium term, the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) will largely determine the world's political and economic agenda. Therefore, issues related to the study of the principles of civil law of the BRICS countries are becoming more and more relevant. The purpose of the article is formulated the following way: an analysis of the characteristics of the national regulation of proprietary rights reveals the specifics of the intercultural conflicts of the investigated area, the elimination of which will lead to the harmonization of the legislation of the considered countries, which will accelerate socio-political and economic-technological interactions between the BRICS countries, and will provide them with the best competitive position in the world economy. The proposed article, using a comparative analysis of the basic rules of the proprietary law of the five BRICS countries and using open economic-statistical, legal and regulatory data posted on the Internet, presented the structural and logical frameworks describing the key approaches of national legislation systems in this area of legal relations. On the basis of the data, it was concluded that the proprietary law of the BRICS countries should be harmonized for the following main reasons: (1) the existence of cross-legal conflicts makes it possible to define the framework boundaries of harmonization of proprietary law in the five BRICS countries; (2) the existing loopholes and gaps in national legislation are sources of legal innovation and motives for the development of an institutional interstate environment within the BRICS. Thus, on the one hand, the article is analytical aimed at the review of the existing features of national regulation of proprietary rights in the BRICS countries. On the other hand, the article suggests a number of practical steps that need to be taken in order to harmonize the national legislation of the BRICS countries. © 2017, by ASERS ® Publishing. All rights reserved.

This article examines major methodological approaches to assessment of public health and to calculation of indicators describing the impact of specific factors on the state and quality of the nation's health. The method for calculating the National Health Quality Indicator (NHQI) was suggested as a scientific novelty, which incorporates three qualitative groups of parameters (quality of life, quality of healthcare, and quality of society). The method involves large-scale formula-methodological tools, which allow to conduct a comparative-differential analysis of the dynamics of the National Health Quality Indicator between countries and regions. The following conclusions have been obtained based on the materials presented in the article: It has been justified that public health is a key resource that ensures shaping of a national labor potential and intellectual capital required for a sustainable and environmentally responsible socio-economic development. Qualitative indicators of public health determine the maturity of the national economy and the social sector; The World Health Organization conducts monitoring of global public health; it is objectively obvious that the structure and morbidity of the global public has changed significantly: somatic ( diabetes) and psychosomatic disorders (neurosis, depression) dominate, along with new infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS); A modified method was proposed for analyzing the quality of public health in a certain country or region, which includes three groups of evaluative dimensions and is supplemented by tools for comparative-differential analysis between countries and regions in the form of the "National Health Quality Indicator" model; and The method was tested by the example of three associations of countries grouped on economic grounds: BRICS countries, leading member states of the European Union (EU-15), the USA and Canada, which form a CUSFTA partnership. The data resulting from the analysis confirm the empirical thesis of this article and also suggest that qualitative indicators of public health are largely determined by the quality and dynamics of the socio-economic development of countries and regions.

The main goal of the present work is to form the basis of organizational and economic mechanism of pioneering development of agroindustrial complex of Italy in order to increase the national level of food security suitable for extrapolating this experience on other developed countries and countries in transition. In order to achieve the set goal, the work studied basic peculiarities of social and economic development of Italy within the European Union, researched theoretical and methodological approaches to solving the problem of food security, offered solutions contributing to the transfer of agroindustrial complex of Italy to the innovational way of development that will contribute to the growth of national food security. In the article special methods of research were used: content analysis of scientific sources, comparative economic and statistical analysis based on using open data. The results of the research include the development of basic recommendations on forming organizational and economic mechanism that provides the transfer of agroindustrial complex of Italy to the pioneering way of development that will contribute to the growth of food security of the country. The obtained results and conclusions may be used to solve similar problems in agroindustrial complexes of other countries. © 2016, SRAC - Societatea Romana Pentru Asigurarea Calitatii. All rights reserved.

The main goal of this work is to research theoretical and methodological stipulations of social and economic, political, trading, and geopolitical interrelations of Russia and African countries that over the recent decades have considerably lagged behind from actual position of affairs. First of all, it is related to "the Soviet heritage" in the relationships of Russia and African countries, as well as the lack of true statistics on the key areas of cooperation. Basic conclusions that can be made according to the results of stating the article materials are the following: The role and place of Africa in the global economy and global social and political relations are changing. Herewith, Russia and separate countries of Africa are involved in active rehabilitation of the bilateral and multilateral cooperation, At the present time social and economic interrelations of Russia and African countries have a greater geopolitical meaning that pragmatically economic, The revealed complications in social and economic interrelations of Russia and African countries (first of all, with Egypt, Nigeria, the RSA, and Algeria) create opportunities for further mutually advantageous cooperation, and point at prospective areas of the cooperation development, In relation to the above opportunities, it is possible to single out the following: establishing relations with African countries on the essentially new basis taking into account Soviet experience of cooperation; further development of mutually advantageous relations of Russia and African countries both within the African geopolitical space and within the Arabic and Muslim geo-economical space. © Serials Publications.

This paper looks into the key aspects of the shift in the instruction of logistics as a discipline from traditional to environmentally responsible practices. The authors examine the experience of the development of scientific-educational systems in the world's more advanced societies (the European Union and North America), as well as in the BRICS countries. The paper proposes specific ways to reform the model for professional and career-broadening education by reference to the amassed global experience. The authors draw the following major conclusions: • both today's scientific and business communities are oriented toward the shift to environmentally responsible development, which presupposes gradually renouncing the use of hydrocarbon energy resources, embracing the use of renewable technology and recycling, and ensuring social stability; • we are witnessing a change in the tenor of not only the strategic concept of the development of particular scientific and business areas but of the functional one as well. Thus, for instance, the domain of logistics services is currently being enriched with the concept of "green logistics", which implies a need for relevant human resources specializing in the field. Many leading nations have already started transforming their education models, as a whole, and their methods for the instruction of logistics as a discipline, in particular, in specific alignment with the principles of environmental responsibility; • the education systems of certain world powers, including the Russian model for education, have not yet been fully adapted for shifting to "green logistics", one of today's latest scientific paradigms. Among the major reasons behind this delay is the failure to properly reform the scientific- educational sector, as well as the state's excessive, and rarely effective, participation in the development of this area. To help remediate this situation, the authors propose a set of recommendations aimed at helping to put together a new model for professional and career- broadening training in keeping with the latest scientific concepts and the needs of the labor market. © 2016 The Author(s).

This article is devoted to historical themes and explores the position of Russia (of the Russian Empire period) in the global economy of the second half of the 19th century, based on the available statistical data and the empirical research of this historical period. On the basis of this survey and received data, we can formulate the following conclusions: • In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire is one of the few countries that had (and still has) significant natural and human capital, and by geographic location and area of the country, of course, was considered and is considered one of the leading actors in the global economy; • Until the second half of the 19th century, the socio-economic development of the Russian Empire was feudal and had the agrarian (agricultural) and raw material specialization. Institutional, legal and financial reforms carried out in the 19th century provided the industrial breakthrough of the Russian Empire, but at the same time the gap from the industrial development of England, France and other countries was significant and was at least half a century; • The results of cluster analysis show that the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century played a leading role in the global economy of the period, but at the same time was not a backbone link, unlike countries of Western Europe (UK, France, Denmark, Sweden, etc.); • In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire in its economic and social development was very dependent on the political will of an autocrat (Emperor), change and reform processes were not completed in many ways, which did not allow the state to reduce the historical gap between it and the most developed countries; • Now the Russian Federation, having overcome a certain degree of inertia of development including due to low efficiency "economic legacy" (both during the imperial period and the period of the Soviet Union), is a leader in the space industry, the energy raw materials supply. The country needs to further liberalize its markets in order to not only currently but also in the near future secure a more significant position in the global economy. © 2016 IJER Serials Publications.

Europe is undergoing the strongest migration crisis that in terms of its importance can be compared with the migration crisis caused by the Second World War. This article researches the coherence of "catastrophic" hypothesis related to the current migration crisis in Europe, and considers the risks and consequences of this crisis for the social and economic development of the European region. The materials stated in the article enable the authors to make the following conclusions: Migration as an objective phenomenon that comes with globalization phenomena will always maintain its historical focus from the lagging regions of the world in terms of economic and social development to more developed and democratically free regions, The current migration crisis in Europe has been caused by an abrupt increase in the migrants' inflow to the region (2-5 times during 2015 as compared to 2014), as well as by the lack of coordination in the actions of representatives of the executive power of European countries, including the lack of distinct and efficient measures aiming at regulating the abruptly increased migration inflow, The "catastrophic" scenarios of the current migration crisis based on historical parallels (for example, the fall of the Western Roman Imperia and the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation) offered in some scientific and publicist articles have insufficiently objective grounds, Countries of Europe (and including the European Union) must take into account and forecast probable risks that will come with the current migration crisis (social and political instability that will cause destructive phenomena in economy), and The European region may extract potential profits from the migration crisis, successively pursuing the policy of securitization, integration and assimilation of migrants and herewith finding the balance between the efficient tolerance to newcomers and the required level of safety for the indigenous population. © 2017, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved.

This article examines major methodological approaches to assessment of public health and to calculation of indicators describing the impact of specific factors on the state and quality of the nation's health. The method for calculating the National Health Quality Indicator (NHQI) was suggested as a scientific novelty, which incorporates three qualitative groups of parameters (quality of life, quality of healthcare, and quality of society). The method involves large-scale formula-methodological tools, which allow to conduct a comparative-differential analysis of the dynamics of the National Health Quality Indicator between countries and regions. The following conclusions have been obtained based on the materials presented in the article: It has been justified that public health is a key resource that ensures shaping of a national labor potential and intellectual capital required for a sustainable and environmentally responsible socio-economic development. Qualitative indicators of public health determine the maturity of the national economy and the social sector; The World Health Organization conducts monitoring of global public health; it is objectively obvious that the structure and morbidity of the global public has changed significantly: somatic (diabetes) and psychosomatic disorders (neurosis, depression) dominate, along with new infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS); A modified method was proposed for analyzing the quality of public health in a certain country or region, which includes three groups of evaluative dimensions and is supplemented by tools for comparative-differential analysis between countries and regions in the form of the "National Health Quality Indicator" model; and The method was tested by the example of three associations of countries grouped on economic grounds: BRICS countries, leading member states of the European Union (EU-15), the USA and Canada, which form a CUSFTA partnership. The data resulting from the analysis confirm the empirical thesis of this article and also suggest that qualitative indicators of public health are largely determined by the quality and dynamics of the socio-economic development of countries and regions. © 2017, SRAC - Societatea Romana Pentru Asigurarea Calitatii. All rights reserved.

Energy policy is an important part of economic, environmental, and overall public policy of each country. For a long time, energy policy is being one of the most significant issues of each state and depends on many factors, including the availability of fossil energy sources and the geographic location of the country, access to natural resources, as well as political relations between energy exporters and importers. The article aims at analyzing the views of foreign authors on the assessment of the energy policy in the European countries in the context of further diversification and security of fuel supply, energy market liberalization, and renewable energy development. The article discusses the current state of energy policy of the European Union (EU) member countries. The main tenet of this policy is the requirement to resolve the problems existing in the energy sector to ensure energy security. The EU countries import more than half of all energy consumed, and reducing this dependence provides for the completion of the gas market liberalization, the deployment of low-carbon technologies, renewable energy development, as well as enhancement of energy efficiency and energy saving. The authors analyze the energy policies of France and Germany, which are leaders in European energy policy. Besides, the article presents historical analysis of changes in the EU energy policy vector, as well as the main provisions of the new energy strategy to resolve European energy security problem. The article is prepared based on the analysis of works of foreign and Russian authors including politicians, officials, and researchers, as well as analysts and experts in the energy industry. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

There is much evidence that suggests that at the present stage of the development of mankind, tolerance is becoming of much importance, since it is one of the possible ways to overcome social tension and the necessary condition for ensuring peace, security, sustainable social and economic development, building human relations on the principles of equality, mutual understanding, and reciprocal respect. Tolerance is fast becoming the point of much importance for modern world and has always been a point of interest for a wide range of various Social sciences. Tolerance is the subject of political discussions aimed at overcoming world crises and preventing the horrors of ethno-religious conflicts. However, the concept and the problem of tolerance, despite a wide aura of application and frequency of its use in public speeches and media materials, remain open to sociologists, political scientists, teachers and psychologists. In the new global age, the teaching of tolerance is a strategic task of the 21st century education. A primary concern of the paper is our attempt to systematize the factors that influence the formation and development of religious tolerance not only as a declared value, but also as a personal quality. Empirical research has shown that there is an important group of factors determining religious tolerance. The vital aspects are such personal traits as self-awareness and self-identity. We see promising areas of further practical application of the scientific research. In our future studies, we intend to determine possibility of using the results of this paper for a model of religious tolerance formation among university students in the process of liberal arts training. © 2018, Ecozone, OAIMDD. All rights reserved.

This article states basics of the "green economy" concept and the role of transferring from industrial to ecologically responsible development of renewable power sources. The main aim of this article is to determine principle regularities that stipulate and restrict abilities of the BRICS countries to use the renewable energy sector in order to replace high-carbon consumption in economic and social sector. Basic conclusions of this work are the following: (1) The aggregate of economic, social, ecological, and energetic problems faced by the modern civilization are directly interrelated. That is why in order to preserve the environment and natural resources for future generations, it is necessary to refuse from resources of unsustainable and high-carbon areas of development, (2) the concept of green economy lies in the fact that needs of the humankind must be rationalized, above all, in the power context, through ensuring a reasonable refusal from using economically destructive carbons by replacing them with renewable power sources, (3) a lot of European countries made the power breakthrough simultaneously developing traditional and renewable energetic. However, it is impossible to make the same conclusion in relation to the BRICS countries. In the BRICS coalition only one country – China - can be acknowledged as a leader in using the renewable energy sector. However, at the same time this country is an "anti-leader" in polluting the environment, (4) at the present time economy of the BRICS countries cannot be yet acknowledged as green. However, along with this, India, China, RSA, Russia, and Brazil have a considerable natural, climatic, and geographical potential for efficient use of benefits of the renewable energy sector. In the future it will allow them to transfer from the industrial and unsustainable vector of development to ecologically responsible development. © 2016, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

This paper is a summary of the empirical, scientific and methodological experience in construction of the economic and mathematical models to improve the Russian trade policy with the key partners, which are the interstate institutional associations (the European Union, BRICS, and the Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS). As a result of the study, the following conclusions were obtained: • The foreign economic cooperation with the European Union, as well as with the countries included in BRICS and CIS associations, is a multi-vector commercial space, diversified by product lines and regions for Russia; • Bearing in mind the active cooperation of Russia with the interstate associations different by the levels of economic development and institutional integration within the framework of the foreign economic cooperation, a certain update of the methodological approaches to the assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of this cooperation is required; • A nonlinear economic-mathematical model, allowing to assess the mutual influence of the Russia's foreign economic relations with the countries included in the CIS, BRICS and the European Union, as well as to investigate the trade flows between Russia and these associations from the perspective of export and import of goods, works and services, is presented in this paper. © Serials Publications Pvt. Ltd.