Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this publication is to study the dependence of defence funding on economic factors, namely the prosperity of the country, economic growth, the budget deficit, gross government debt, and inflation rate. The investigation uses secondary data obtained from the Eurostat database and covers the period from 1997 to 2021. The author analyses three Baltic countries such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to ascertain which economic factors have a statistically significant effect on defence sector funding. For this purpose, the author applies correlation analysis and automatic linear modelling (ALM). The findings of the investigation showed differences and similarities between the countries under consideration. In the case of Estonia, defence funding is significantly affected by the prosperity of the country, which is expressed in real GDP per capita, and gross government debt. These economic factors explain 92.6 per cent of defence funding. The cases of Latvia and Lithuania are very similar in terms of the influence of economic factors on defence spending. In these countries, the tendencies of real GDP per capita significantly effect on defence funding. This influence is slightly different and amounts to 76.2 and 78.4 per cent, for Latvia and Lithuania, respectively. The insights of the research can be useful to the governments of these nations when making decisions about defence funding aimed at ensuring security in the Baltic region.

The aim of this research is to examine the dependence of economic growth on government spending by function in the Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The author has used total expenditure and composition approaches to explore the relationship between the variables. The investigation covers the period from 1996 to 2020. The author has employed descriptive statistics and econometric techniques, including automatic linear modelling (ALM). The study's insights reveal that the growth of the Latvian and Estonian economies depends on general government spending. This dependence is similar in both countries, that is, 62.8% in Latvia and 66.5% in Estonia. In Lithuania, 57.7% of fluctuations in economic growth are explained by spending on social protection. In Latvia, the influence of spending on social protection and economic affairs amounts to 63.4% of economic growth. In Estonia, spending on social protection and health explains 78.1% of the fluctuations in economic growth. The findings of the study may be useful in ensuring a more efficient allocation of government finances in the Baltic states.

The investigation focuses on the assessment of inter-linkages between exports performance and economic development in selected EU countries, such as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Luxembourg, Denmark, and Iceland. The research covers the period between 1990 and 2019. The author has employed econometric techniques in order to explore inter-linkages between the variables. The correlation analysis has revealed very strong and positive inter-relationships between exports and development in all of the countries under consideration.The Granger causality test has shown evidence of a bidirectional link between exports performance and economic development in Denmark, causality which runs from real GDP per capita to exports per capita in Luxembourg and Iceland, a causal link from exports to development in Latvia, and no causal links between the variables for Lithuania and Estonia. The insights could be useful in terms of the implementation of economic policy aimed at promoting sustainable development in EU countries.

The investigation focuses on the assessment of inter-linkages between exports performance and economic development in selected EU countries, such as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Luxembourg, Denmark, and Iceland. The research covers the period between 1990 and 2019. The author has employed econometric techniques in order to explore inter-linkages between the variables. The correlation analysis has revealed very strong and positive inter-relationships between exports and development in all of the countries under consideration.The Granger causality test has shown evidence of a bidirectional link between exports performance and economic development in Denmark, causality which runs from real GDP per capita to exports per capita in Luxembourg and Iceland, a causal link from exports to development in Latvia, and no causal links between the variables for Lithuania and Estonia. The insights could be useful in terms of the implementation of economic policy aimed at promoting sustainable development in EU countries.

The examination of the link between defence and economic growth has provided different results across the countries. Broadly, in economically strong countries, the researchers have detected a bidirectional and unidirectional causality running from defence to economic growth. In economically weaker countries, the causality has appeared to run from economic growth to defence or non-existent. Defence spending has been determined by political, strategic and economic factors. In Estonia, other defence expenditure, including operations and maintenance spending, dominated over the period of 2004-2018. In Latvia and Lithuania, expenditure for personnel, including military and civilian spending and pensions, prevailed in the total defence structure. Over the period analysed, Latvia has had more dynamic structure of defence expenditure than Estonia and Lithuania. This has been mainly due to a significant increase the defence spending share for equipment and decrease for personnel. The intensity of changes in Latvia's defense spending has been more than three times higher than in Estonia and 1.5 times higher than in Lithuania.The most significant dissimilarity has been revealed between the defence expenditure structures of Estonia and Lithuania in 2004 and 2018 as well. In 2004, Estonia and Latvia had the most similar structures of defence expenditure. In 2018, however, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in term of defence expenditure structure.

The examination of the link between defence and economic growth has provided different results across the countries. Broadly, in economically strong countries, the researchers have detected a bidirectional and unidirectional causality running from defence to economic growth. In economically weaker countries, the causality has appeared to run from economic growth to defence or non-existent. Defence spending has been determined by political, strategic and economic factors. In Estonia, other defence expenditure, including operations and maintenance spending, dominated over the period of 2004-2018. In Latvia and Lithuania, expenditure for personnel, including military and civilian spending and pensions, prevailed in the total defence structure. Over the period analysed, Latvia has had more dynamic structure of defence expenditure than Estonia and Lithuania. This has been mainly due to a significant increase the defence spending share for equipment and decrease for personnel. The intensity of changes in Latvia's defense spending has been more than three times higher than in Estonia and 1.5 times higher than in Lithuania.The most significant dissimilarity has been revealed between the defence expenditure structures of Estonia and Lithuania in 2004 and 2018 as well. In 2004, Estonia and Latvia had the most similar structures of defence expenditure. In 2018, however, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in term of defence expenditure structure.

The examination of the link between defence and economic growth has provided different results across the countries. Broadly, in economically strong countries, the researchers have detected a bidirectional and unidirectional causality running from defence to economic growth. In economically weaker countries, the causality has appeared to run from economic growth to defence or non-existent. Defence spending has been determined by political, strategic and economic factors. In Estonia, other defence expenditure, including operations and maintenance spending, dominated over the period of 2004-2018. In Latvia and Lithuania, expenditure for personnel, including military and civilian spending and pensions, prevailed in the total defence structure. Over the period analysed, Latvia has had more dynamic structure of defence expenditure than Estonia and Lithuania. This has been mainly due to a significant increase the defence spending share for equipment and decrease for personnel. The intensity of changes in Latvia's defense spending has been more than three times higher than in Estonia and 1.5 times higher than in Lithuania.The most significant dissimilarity has been revealed between the defence expenditure structures of Estonia and Lithuania in 2004 and 2018 as well. In 2004, Estonia and Latvia had the most similar structures of defence expenditure. In 2018, however, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in term of defence expenditure structure.

The examination of the link between defence and economic growth has provided different results across the countries. Broadly, in economically strong countries, the researchers have detected a bidirectional and unidirectional causality running from defence to economic growth. In economically weaker countries, the causality has appeared to run from economic growth to defence or non-existent. Defence spending has been determined by political, strategic and economic factors. In Estonia, other defence expenditure, including operations and maintenance spending, dominated over the period of 2004-2018. In Latvia and Lithuania, expenditure for personnel, including military and civilian spending and pensions, prevailed in the total defence structure. Over the period analysed, Latvia has had more dynamic structure of defence expenditure than Estonia and Lithuania. This has been mainly due to a significant increase the defence spending share for equipment and decrease for personnel. The intensity of changes in Latvia's defense spending has been more than three times higher than in Estonia and 1.5 times higher than in Lithuania.The most significant dissimilarity has been revealed between the defence expenditure structures of Estonia and Lithuania in 2004 and 2018 as well. In 2004, Estonia and Latvia had the most similar structures of defence expenditure. In 2018, however, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in term of defence expenditure structure.

The paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO spenders in terms of defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL) modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA.

The paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO spenders in terms of defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL) modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA.

The paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO spenders in terms of defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL) modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA.

This paper has aimed to consider how government expenditure contributes to economic growth by focusing on both the level and composition of government spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. The investigation covers the period from 1997 to 2017. The authors have applied total expenditure approach analyzing interrelationships between government expenditure and economic growth and division approach examining and comparing the distributions of government expenditure in the selected European Union countries. The authors have applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson's correlation, intensity rate of structural changes and Finger-Kreinin indicator. The findings have suggested the following: 1) there is no evidence on the relationship between General government expenditure and economic development in the European Union countries; 2) the countries with a greater proportion of productive spending, such as Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia have a low GDP per capita indicator. Economically strong countries, such as Denmark, France and Sweden have relatively low level of productive expenditure; 3) economically stronger countries have more stable compositions of government expenditure than economically weaker ones; 4) the countries with a similar real GDP per capita have been characterized by more similar government spending structures. As the economic gap between countries grows, divergence in allocation of government spending increases. The findings of this research could provide important guideline for the managing of government expenditure in the European Union countries. Moreover, it can serve as a guideline to a public budget management in the countries under consideration.

This paper has aimed to consider how government expenditure contributes to economic growth by focusing on both the level and composition of government spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. The investigation covers the period from 1997 to 2017. The authors have applied total expenditure approach analyzing interrelationships between government expenditure and economic growth and division approach examining and comparing the distributions of government expenditure in the selected European Union countries. The authors have applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson's correlation, intensity rate of structural changes and Finger-Kreinin indicator. The findings have suggested the following: 1) there is no evidence on the relationship between General government expenditure and economic development in the European Union countries; 2) the countries with a greater proportion of productive spending, such as Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia have a low GDP per capita indicator. Economically strong countries, such as Denmark, France and Sweden have relatively low level of productive expenditure; 3) economically stronger countries have more stable compositions of government expenditure than economically weaker ones; 4) the countries with a similar real GDP per capita have been characterized by more similar government spending structures. As the economic gap between countries grows, divergence in allocation of government spending increases. The findings of this research could provide important guideline for the managing of government expenditure in the European Union countries. Moreover, it can serve as a guideline to a public budget management in the countries under consideration.

This paper has aimed to consider how government expenditure contributes to economic growth by focusing on both the level and composition of government spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. The investigation covers the period from 1997 to 2017. The authors have applied total expenditure approach analyzing interrelationships between government expenditure and economic growth and division approach examining and comparing the distributions of government expenditure in the selected European Union countries. The authors have applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson's correlation, intensity rate of structural changes and Finger-Kreinin indicator. The findings have suggested the following: 1) there is no evidence on the relationship between General government expenditure and economic development in the European Union countries; 2) the countries with a greater proportion of productive spending, such as Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia have a low GDP per capita indicator. Economically strong countries, such as Denmark, France and Sweden have relatively low level of productive expenditure; 3) economically stronger countries have more stable compositions of government expenditure than economically weaker ones; 4) the countries with a similar real GDP per capita have been characterized by more similar government spending structures. As the economic gap between countries grows, divergence in allocation of government spending increases. The findings of this research could provide important guideline for the managing of government expenditure in the European Union countries. Moreover, it can serve as a guideline to a public budget management in the countries under consideration.