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This paper seeks to critically examine the Employment Equity Act (EEA) as an instrument of achieving employment equity in post apartheid South Africa. Special emphasis will be placed on the policy of affirmative action. In this article we will attempt to illustrate how focusing on affirmative action and failure to implement policies could pose a threat to the achievement of equity in the South African labour industry. This paper was prepared by means of a literature survey wherein various previous literatures were interrogated including the actual Act in concern. In a nutshell it can be argued that the EEA as a piece of legislation has managed to augment equality in opportunities at the same time addressing the past imbalances. However there are concerns that affirmative action may pose a challenge as it is presented in discriminatory language and if handled carelessly may undermine merit, leading to disenfranchisement of deserving individuals. Another concern is that it could be used as a front by the political elite to harbor elements of corruption and nepotism to the disadvantage of the poor of the poorest amongst designated groups. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n9p578

Substantial policy and academic research on migration has focussed on migrant remittances to developing countries. That research has often given a positive evaluation of the impact of remittances on development, with specific reference to recipient households. However, there is limited research examining the indirect effect of migrant remittances on the development emanating from the activities of non-recipient households. Given the research gap, this paper seeks to examine the extent to which non-recipient households benefit from the flow of income and other material goods into their local economy. This study is based on a questionnaire survey (N = 159) and 15 semi-structured interviews. A key finding was that remittances have partly motivated the emergence of an entrepreneurial spirit in the local economy, with most of the local small businesses (including general dealer stores, bed and breakfast accommodation, construction companies etc.) run by non-recipient households. Non-recipient households have emerged as key entrepreneurial players in response to a high consumption demand amongst the recipient households. Profits generated through these small businesses are thus satisfying the basic needs of non-recipient households. Furthermore, a number of community projects are being financed through remittance income. These projects include food gardens, fishing and livestock farming which benefit both the recipient and non-recipient households. ; Aktualna politika i znanstvena istraživanja migracija usredotočili su se na migrantske doznake zemljama u razvoju. To je istraživanje vrlo često pozitivno ocijenilo utjecaj doznaka na razvoj, s posebnim osvrtom na kućanstva koja su primatelji. No ograničen je broj istraživanja koja ispituju neizravni učinak migrantskih doznaka na razvoj koji proizlazi iz aktivnosti kućanstava neprimatelja. S obzirom na taj jaz u istraživanju u ovom se radu pokušava istražiti koliko kućanstva koja nisu primatelji imaju koristi od protoka prihoda i drugih materijalnih dobara u svoje lokalno gospodarstvo. Ova studija temelji se na anketnom upitniku (N = 159) i petnaest polustrukturiranih intervjua. Glavni rezultat pokazuje da su doznake djelomice pokrenule poduzetnički duh u lokalnom gospodarstvu s većinom malih lokalnih poduzeća (što obuhvaća trgovine raznom robom, smještaj s noćenjem i doručkom, građevinske tvrtke itd.) koja vode kućanstva bez primanja. Ta su se kućanstva pojavila kao glavni poduzetnički igrači u odgovoru na visoke potrošačke zahtjeve kućanstava primatelja. Na taj način dobit koju ostvaruju ta mala poduzeća zadovoljava osnovne potrebe kućanstava koja nisu primatelji doznaka. Osim toga prihodima od doznaka financira se veliki broj projekata u zajednici. Ti projekti obuhvaćaju sadnju i obrađivanje vrtova, ribolov i stočarstvo, od čega imaju koristi kućanstva koja su primatelji kao i ona koja to nisu.

U radu se raspravlja o doprinosu novčanih doznaka koje šalju migranti iz Južne Afrike razvoju okruga Tsholotsho u pokrajini Sjeverni Matabeleland u Zimbabveu. Zimbabveanci iz te regije odlaze u Južnoafričku Republiku u potrazi za poslom još od otkrića zlata u toj zemlji. U novije vrijeme kultura migracija u Tsholotshou i dalje jača, jer su se i žene uključile u tu u prošlosti prevladavajuću mušku strategiju privređivanja. Rasprave o migracijama i razvoju često su fokusirane na ulogu novčanih doznaka kao glavnog instrumenta razvoja u zemlji iz koje dolaze migranti. Vlade i multilateralne institucije također su s velikim entuzijazmom prihvatile doznake kao prioritet politike. Istraživanje je utemeljno na pristupu mješovitih metoda. Ukupno je sudjelovalo 159 ispitanika koji su sami ispunili kvantitativne upitnike. Osim toga provedeno je pet dubinskih kvalitativnih intervjua s ključnim informatorima u Tsholotshou te deset dubinskih intervjua s migrantima u Johannesburgu u Južnoafričkoj Republici. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se većina migrantskih doznaka upotrebljava za neproduktivnu potrošnju, međutim prisutan je i određeni stupanj ulaganja zbog potrebe zadovoljavanja nabujalih potrošačkih zahtjeva u lokalnom gospodarstvu. Također se pokazalo da su migrantske doznake glavni izvor sredstava za život bez kojih bi mnogi siromašni ljudi bili izloženi velikom siromaštvu i gladi. ; This paper traces the developmental contribution of migrant remittances sent from South Africa to the Tsholotsho district of Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe. Since the discovery of gold in South Africa, Zimbabweans from this region have been migrating to South Africa to seek employment. In recent times, the culture of migration in Tsholotsho continues to strengthen, as women have also joined this previously male dominated livelihood strategy. Debates on migration and development have often centered on the role of remittances as a key instrument for development in migrant sending countries. Governments and multilateral institutions have also taken up remittances as a policy priority with a keen interest. This study was conducted using a mixed methods approach. A total of 159 participants completed self-administered quantitative questionnaires. In addition, 5 in-depth qualitative interviews with key informants were conducted in Tsholotsho, while 10 in-depth interviews with migrants were conducted in Johannesburg, South Africa. The results of this study show that the majority of migrant remittances are largely used for unproductive consumption. However, there also exists a measure of investment owing to the need to satisfy the surging consumer demands within the local economy. In this paper, results have shown that migrant remittances are a key livelihood factor without which many poor people would be severely vulnerable to poverty and hunger.