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1. Introduction -- 2. Mental illness and autonomy -- 3. Autonomy and treatment models of mental illness -- 4. Involuntary hospitalisation and treatment -- 5. Psychotropic medication -- 6. ECT and psychosurgery -- 7. Psychotherapy -- 8. Community care -- 8. Conclusion.

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Royal Women and Dynastic Loyalty -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: King's Daughters, Sisters, and Wives: Fonts and Conduits of Power and Legitimacy -- Levirate Marriage Involving Outsiders and Insiders -- Heredity, Election and Levirate Marriage -- A Variant on Lateral Succession. King's Daughters and Sister's Sons -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: From Family to Politics: Queen Apollonis as Agent of Dynastic/Political Loyalty -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Queens and Their Children: Dynastic Dis/Loyalty in the Hellenistic Period -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: On the Alleged Treachery of Julia Domna and Septimius Severus's Failed Siege of Hatra -- The Enmity with Plautianus and the Siege of Hatra -- Domna and the Cities of the East Between 197 and 202 -- The Importance of Being Syrian -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Dynasty or Family? Tenth and Eleventh Century Norwegian Royal Women and Their Dynastic Loyalties -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Prince Pedro, A Case of Dynastic Disloyalty in Fifteenth Century Portugal? -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: The Tragic Queen: Dynastic Loyalty and the 'Queenships' of Mary Queen of Scots -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9: Embodied Devotion: The Dynastic and Religious Loyalty of Renée de France (1510-1575) -- Di Real Sangue Nata: Renée's Royal Parentage and Regal Character in Antoine Couillard's La Bienvenue… (1560) -- In Christo Sol Renata: Renée's Calvinist Exemplarity in Beza's Prefatory Epistre (1566) -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Queenship and the Currency of Arts Patronage as Propaganda at the Early Stuart Court -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11: Dynastic Loyalty and Allegiances: Ottoman Resilience During the Seventeenth Century Crisis -- Bibliography.

Royal women did much more to wield power besides marrying the king and producing the heir. Subverting the dichotomies of public/private and formal/informal that gender public authority as male and informal authority as female, this book examines royal women as agents of influence. With an expansive chronological and geographic scope--from ancient to early modern and covering Egypt, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Asia Minor--these essays trace patterns of influence often disguised by narrower studies of government studies and officials. Contributors highlight the theme of dynastic loyalty by focusing on the roles and actions of individual royal women, examining patterns within dynasties, and considering what factors generated loyalty and disloyalty to a dynasty or individual ruler. Contributors show that whether serving as the font of dynastic authority or playing informal roles of child-bearer, patron, or religious promoter, royal women have been central to the issue of dynastic loyalty throughout the ancient, medieval, and modern eras.

Purpose. To investigate common youth group activities and how they relate to young people's attitudes of empowerment around tobacco control. Design. A mailed survey was administered to 940 Minnesota youth involved in locally organized tobacco prevention groups. By multivariate linear regression, participation in eight tobacco-related activities and selected personal characteristics were examined in relation to youths' perceived influence on youth smoking. Results. Two activities–developing materials with antismoking messages and taking action to change school smoking policies—were associated with significantly higher perceived influence scores for the youth involved (p < .05). Youth in groups who had worked to raise awareness of how the tobacco industry targets teens also had significantly higher influence scores (p < .001). Associated personal factors included high involvement in extracurricular activities (p < .001), having never experimented with smoking (p < .01), leadership experience (p < .001), and being white (p < .01). Discussion. Some youth group activities and strategies may be particularly effective at instilling attitudes of empowerment for tobacco control among youth.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into attitudes and perceptions about smoking during pregnancy, passive smoke exposure, barriers to quitting, and program preferences among women in a low-income, ethnically diverse setting. Design. Nine focus group discussions were conducted with African-American, Native American, and white women. Discussions were moderated by local residents who shared the same ethnic background as group participants. Setting. Discussions were held in neighborhood centers and clinics in an urban area. Subjects. A total of 57 women participated. Moderators recruited participants from within their social networks and from neighborhood programs. The informal process of recruitment did not allow calculation of response rates. Measures. A series of open-ended questions with selected probes was used to guide the conversation. Results. Participants were aware that smoking during pregnancy is harmful and were concerned to varying degrees about their smoking behavior. Most women who smoked took active steps to reduce the risks. Actions were frequently accompanied by beliefs that rationalized moderate levels of smoking. While concerned, women were uncertain about what constituted harmful, passive smoke exposure. Personal barriers to quitting included being around others who smoked, feelings of stress and boredom, addiction, and not believing smoking is dangerous enough. Participants tended to value pregnancy-related advice from female friends and relatives over advice from professionals. Conclusions. Results suggest that many women respond to warnings about smoking during pregnancy, but actions are not necessarily measured, in quit rates. Misconceptions about the risks may help to rationalize continued smoking. Subjects lacked knowledge about how best to reduce the risks of passive smoke. Educational efforts may be effective when directed at networks of women who share information. The nature of qualitative data collection prevents extrapolation of these results to a larger population.

Purpose.To outline the design and present select findings from an evaluation of a statewide anti–tobacco industry youth organizing movement.Design.A telephone survey was administered to teenagers to assess associations between exposure to anti-industry youth organizing activities and tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors. A group-level comparison between areas high and low in youth organizing activities was planned. Methodological obstacles necessitated a subject-level analytic approach, with comparisons being made between youth at higher and lower levels of exposure.Setting.Six rural areas (comprising 13 counties) and two urban regions of Minnesota were selected for survey.Subjects.The study comprised 852 youth, aged 15 to 17 years old, randomly selected from county-specific sampling frames constructed from a marketing research database.Measures.Exposure index scores were developed for two types of activities designed to involve youth in the anti-industry program: branding (creating awareness of the movement in general) and messaging (informing about the movement's main messages). Attitudinal outcomes measured attitudes about the tobacco industry and the effectiveness of youth action. Behavioral outcomes included taking action to get involved in the organization, spreading an anti-industry message, and smoking susceptibility.Results.Branding index scores were significantly correlated with taking action to get involved (p ≤ .001) and spreading an anti-industry message (p ≤ .001)). Messaging index scores were significantly correlated with all five attitudinal constructs (all associations, p ≤ .001), taking action to get involved (p ≤ .001), and spreading an anti-industry message (p ≤ .01). The hypothesized association between messaging scores and susceptibility was not significant.Conclusion.A youth organizing effort, in combination with an intensive countermarketing media campaign, can be an effective strategy for involving youth in tobacco prevention and generating negative attitudes about the industry.

Purpose. Prenatal smoking cessation will not eliminate health risks if women continue to be exposed to passive smoking. This study compared the risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for low-income prenatal nonsmokers, abstainers, and smokers. Methods. A questionnaire was administered to 225 pregnant women. Exposure to six sources of SHS was compared across smoking groups using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Results. In adjusted analyses, patterns of SHS exposure were consistent. Abstainers were at lower risk of exposure than smokers for all sources except for having a partner who smoked. Abstainers were at higher risk of exposure than nonsmokers for most sources. For example, 11.7% of nonsmokers were exposed to <4 hours of SHS daily compared with 33.3% of abstainers (adjusted odds ratio = .32, 95% confidence interval = .12–.88). Mean number of exposures for nonsmokers, abstainers, and smokers were 1.4, 2.7, and 4.2, respectively (p < .001). Discussion. Interventions need to address the full range of health risks posed by cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy.