Suchergebnisse

In the mid 1980s, concern arose over the rise of sexually explicit services on the French videotex system. In examining the legal implications of these messageries roses, this article reviews how French courts applied criminal law to penalize providers of allegedly pornographic message services. Although the Tribunal correctionnel de Paris relied on statutory law to resolve the Néron case, it refused to extend existing print and audiovisual media laws to cover videotex, based on a judicial precedent against the applicability of press legislation to broadcasting. In July 1991, the Court of Appeals of Amiens condemned three messagerie rose managers as accomplices of users who had produced pornographic announcements because they had intentionally permitted these actions to occur by providing users the means to publicize messages encouraging debauchery.

A number of studies have investigated the impact of U.S. television programs on foreign audiences. A meta-analysis of these studies reveals a small, but statistically significant, association between exposure to U.S. entertainment programs and attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors of foreign audiences. When taking study characteristics into consideration, only language of the questionnaire produced a significant difference in correlation size, with studies using English questionnaires displaying a larger effect. Also, contrary to the assumptions of a uniform effects model, the findings indicate that the magnitude of the relationship depends upon the type of dependent measure.

A nationwide telephone survey of 721 adults examined the impact of the third-person effect on individuals' perceptions of the media's general influence and immorality effects with three issues. The third-person effect perceptual hypothesis predicts that individuals will perceive media messages to have greater effects on other people than on themselves. A behavioral hypothesis predicts that third-person perception (i.e., seeing others as more influenced) will lead to support for restrictions on media messages. The findings reaffirmed robust support for the perceptual hypothesis. Regarding the behavioral hypothesis, effect perceptions were found to be issue dependent. For television violence, the issue with the clearest moral dimension, perceived immorality effects predicted support for restrictions. In contrast, perception of the media's general influence was a key predictor of support for restrictions on televised trials and negative political advertising. The failure of past research to distinguish dimensions of perceived effects may account for the less than robust findings regarding the behavioral hypothesis.

This study extends prior consumer mass media expenditures research by proposing two new econometric models for testing the principle of relative constancy (PRC). The PRC posits that the proportion of income devoted to the mass media will not change significantly over time, although some variations among mass media categories may occur to enable new communication technologies to succeed in the marketplace. Regression and cointegration analyses were conducted with Belgian mass media expenditure data from 1953 to 1991. Results revealed that the PRC failed to be supported for both models. Because of the PRC's lack of economic foundation and ambiguous empirical evidence, the authors suggest a shift in emphasis from PRC research to development of alternative mass media expenditure models.

A nationwide telephone survey of 721 US adults was conducted in 1997 to investigate the impact of question order on the perceptual & behavioral hypotheses of the third-person effect. The perceptual hypothesis posits that individuals perceive other people to be more vulnerable than themselves to persuasive media messages, whereas the behavioral hypothesis predicts that perceiving others as more vulnerable increases support for message restrictions. Key questions included estimated effects of media issues on self, perceived effects on others, & support for restrictions on media content. Four question-order conditions were tested with three media issues (TV violence, TV court trials, & negative political advertising). In line with past research, the order of the self, others, & restrictions questions did not affect the perceptual hypothesis. However, the sequencing of the self, others, & restrictions questions affected support for the behavioral hypothesis in some conditions. The results suggest that, consistent with a saliency effect, placement of self & others questions prior to the restrictions question might heighten respondents' willingness to endorse restrictions on the media & increase support for the behavioral hypothesis. 2 Tables, 37 References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this study is to investigate women's scholarship in mass communications from 1965 to 1989. A content analysis was conducted to examine the percentage of mass media research published by female scholars in eight leading communication journals. Additional research questions involve sex differences in research topics and methods in the published literature. The examination of 1, 391 articles reveals that the amount of published research attributable to females has grown dramatically over the past two decades. The findings also suggest few major differences between female and male scholars in research methods of published articles.