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This article aims to picture a potential future of probation in Europe based on a very well known principle of probation practice: that future behaviour can be predicted based on past behaviour. Of course, this estimation is based on the assumption that no 'black swans' (Taleb, 2001) will show up in the future. The estimation looks in particular to the legislative aspects relevant to probation practice. This article concludes on a rather optimistic note by suggesting that while there seems to be a European trend towards harmonization and penal expansionism there is still room for innovation and local developments.

The theme of this article was developed at a conference organized by Conférence Permanente Européenne de la Probation (CEP) together with the Ministry of Justice of Estonia which took place in Tallinn, September 2007. The title of the conference was `Unity and Diversity in Probation'. Within this context, this article aims to examine issues and dilemmas in evaluating probation effectiveness in different jurisdictions. According to the published aims of various probation services, probation systems in EU countries could be divided into four main types: probation services based on promoting community measures and sanctions; probation services based on the model of assisting the judiciary; probation services based on the rehabilitation model/public protection; and probation services based on a punishment or enforcement model. These different types require different criteria for evaluating probation effectiveness, but each criterion has some important risks, which need to be carefully assessed. The article's focus therefore is on the methodological dilemmas and not on the ethical aspects of defining probation's purposes and objectives.

Parole and Beyond -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Parole and Beyond: International Experiences of Life After Prison -- A Note From the Editors -- References -- 2 Experiencing Supervision in England-On Licence and on Community Sentences -- Gathering the Views of Service Users -- The Questionnaire -- The In-Depth Interviews -- What Happens in a Supervision Session? -- What is Perceived as Good Supervision? -- Did SEED Training Help in Producing Good Supervision, From the Service User's Perspective? -- What About the Practical Aspects of Desistance? -- How do Service Users Perceive their Supervision? -- References -- 3 Released from Prison in Denmark: Experiences vs. Ambitions -- Background -- Materials and Methods -- Reentry from Prison into the Danish Society -- Chaotic Prison Release -- The Schedule of the Good Release -- Parolees' Experiences of their Release -- Supervision Without a Vision -- Parolees' Experience of their Supervision and Plans Without Action -- Informal Supervision and Punishment -- Dogged by the Police, Bailiffs and the Tax Authority -- Future Perspectives of the Indebted Parolee -- Discussion and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Reports -- 4 Walk the Line: Assessing Prison Conduct for Parole in the Netherlands -- Introduction -- Research Aim and Methodology -- Putting Parole and Prison Conduct in Perspective -- Legal Context -- The Assessment of Prison Behaviour in Practice -- Prisoners' Performances "as prisoners": An Overview of Behaviour Assessments in Parole Advice Reports -- Leisure, Labour and Social Life -- "Approachability" and "correctability": Expanding Compliance to a Broader Notion -- Prisoners' Perceptions of Behaviour Assessment -- The Experience of Panoptic Scrutiny -- The Slippery Notion of Good Custodial Behaviour -- The Perception of Behaviour Assessments as a "one-sided encounter

This book provides an assessment of contemporary international knowledge about the experiences of life after release from prison. For over 100 years people leaving prison have been supervised by probation services, but little has been written about how those who are supervised experience this process, or how this process influences experiences post-release. Research suggests that the success or failure of supervision in terms of reoffending may be related to how it is experienced, but little has been written about how supervision interacts with these experiences. Despite this lack of grounded knowledge, post-prison supervision continues to grow internationally. This book addresses issues relating to life after release through providing a vision of contemporary life after prison in different social and economic climates from those who are the subjects of this growing and changing form of penal power. An engaging and timely study, this book will be of particular interest to scholars of criminal justice and punishment.

Criminological and penological scholarship has in recent years explored how and why institutions and systems of punishment change - and how and why these changes differ in different contexts. Important though these analyses are, this book focuses not so much on the changing nature of institutions and systems, but rather the changing nature of penal practice and practitionersBringing together leading researchers from around the world, this collection unites studies that aim to describe and critically analyse penal practice with studies that investigate its effectiveness and prescribe its future

In this study, we examine the re-entry of 58 people during the first year following their release from prison. Our objective was to gain a more comprehensive perspective on the experience of release from a Romanian prison. We take into account three important dimensions that set the tone and tenor of life after prison: (1) the state as a truant agent in the process of release, (2) family, and (3) employment and other means of becoming economically active, such as hustling (Thieme, 2018) or foraging (Sugie, 2018). We argue that the existent re-entry legislation (or lack thereof) coupled with the way policymakers define the notion of personhood for the former inmate embarks prisoners on a journey widely disconnected from their relevant social contexts. As a consequence, the challenges associated with re-entry are disregarded, and prisoners, once released, become invisible or a 'non-category'. Successful re-entry, we argue, is a personal accomplishment in the face of adversities, rather than a feasible outcome afforded by structural conditions.

In 2010 the European Probation Curriculum Group (EPCG) carried out research into the requirements of various probation curricula throughout Europe and the potential need for a European approach to probation training. This article presents the findings of that research. It argues that there is enough similarity in the competencies required in probation training throughout Europe to make the development of a European Curriculum a viable and worthwhile project.

This volume poses a series of key questions about the practice of probation as an integral part of the European criminal justice system. The contributors are established experts in their respective fields of study and together their questions address the legitimacy, and perhaps continued existence, of probation. The book includes analysis of why people offend and stop offending, and the wide ranging impacts of probation. This includes the impact on offenders' social reintegration, as a form of reparation for victims and communities, on public desire for justice and punishment, and on probationers themselves. The contributors further assess the state of probation and its adaptation to the current state of penality and society, the role of probation officers in pre-sentencing decision-making and the promotion of community sanctions and measures. By providing important recommendations and suggestions for application to practice, the book will be of great interest to academics, policy makers and practitioners alike.

This article reports on findings from the first stage of a longer study of the realities of offending in Romania, which has the highest incarceration rate in Europe. The main goals of the research were to make an accurate estimate of the number of Rroma (Gypsy) men in Romanian prisons and to identify their socio‐cultural characteristics and criminality. The information from this study will be used to help facilitate the work of the developing probation service in Romania and the social integration of Rroma offenders. It should also inform a crime reduction strategy in Romania and hopefully, the social inclusion policies of the European Commission, Romania and its accession neighbours all having large Rroma communities.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate, as a potential research template, a pan-European quantitative survey, the Eurobarometer on Experiencing Supervision (EES). The tool was developed and tested across eight jurisdictions in order to evaluate its accuracy and utility with regard to comparative research. In addition, the paper illustrates the type of data this tool can generate and how this data can be used to improve supervision practices around the world. In brief, EES covers eight core domains of supervision: supervision as a human service, offender's perception regarding the supervisor, the relationship between the offender and the supervisor, supervision and practical help, supervision and compliance, breach practice, supervision and rehabilitation and the offender's involvement and participation. Overall, the tool is considered useful and promising. However, further research is required in order to demonstrate its full potential.

The Routledge Handbook on Global Community Corrections assesses and analyses the status of community corrections systems around the world, highlighting inter-regional and intra-regional variations in their design, implementation, and impact on policy and practice.

The main research question addressed in this report is: "Is PTD in practice used as a means of last resort (ultima ratio) in the participating countries?" More specific secondary research questions: - How extensively is PTD used? - What developments can be observed with respect to the use of PTD and alternatives, what factors appear to be relevant in this respect? - What factors influence decision-making? - What parties are involved and what are their roles? - Are alternatives to PTD available and are they used? What are potential obstacles? - If alternatives are used are there indications of net widening? - Are there any groups which are treated differently and if so, which ones, and in what respect? - To what extent do European aspects play a role for PTD practice, and could cooperation within Europe or internationally help to avoid PTD? The results of our study are relevant not only for scholars but also, in particular, for practitioners and policy makers, both on the national and the European level. Practitioners – judges, defence lawyers, public prosecutors, as well as those from the police, criminal justice, social and related fields – should profit from our insights, which demonstrate that many problems affect different jurisdictions in the same way, but constructive options are sometimes found elsewhere. These options may serve as examples for domestic purposes.