Suchergebnisse

Résumé A l'heure où les perspectives concernant la lutte contre la dégradation des parcours reposent sur les solutions institutionnelles, et notamment les réformes foncières, cet article propose de discuter de l'approche de co-gestion sous régime de propriété commune. En se basant sur les conclusions d'une étude de cas marocaine, il examine les alternatives qui se présentent aux communautés locales pour garantir le succès d'une gestion décentralisée des parcours.

Many research or development studies underline the crucial role of small ruminant (SR) activities in the non tropical dry areas of world, and in particular in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. With camels, they are considered as key components of production systems over much of this vast region, which is characterized by water scarcity and erratic rainfall. SR activities may constitute the main remunerative activity or at least a pillar to ensure the viability of a large number of families in the region, particularly in remote areas. Some studies proposed to estimate the monetary contribution of SR activities in the household net income. But few studies analyze the contribution of SR activity in terms of poverty reduction and livelihood improvement. The reasons are numerous but one of them is the difficulty to apprehend the multiple and complex contributions of livestock activity to the household economy through their direct and indirect products, the intra-annual and inter-annual rhythm of production, the particular status of animal between capital-treasory-saving-social asset. "Despite its potential importance to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction, livestock sector development has received limited attention from the international donor community and national governments in recent years" (Alive platform). Within the Alive Platform, partnership for livestock development, poverty alleviation and sustainable growth for Africa, the Alive secretary, PPLPI (FAO), CIRAD and WB join their effort to develop a methodological Guide to the appropriate inclusion of the livestock sector in poverty reduction policies or agenda. In this communication, we propose to present an overview of the content of this Livestock and Poverty guide.

Ce chapitre a comme principal objectif d'étudier le rôle que joue l'action collective pour la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (GRN) dans l'économie des ménages du Sahel Burkinabé. Depuis l'année 2000, l'organisation de la GRN du pays est touchée par des modifications institutionnelles avec l'apparition des Comites Villageois de Gestion des Terroirs (CVGT). Ces nouvelles institutions ont pour but de coordonner les activités des nombreuses organisations en charge de la GRN au niveau villageois et inter villageois. En nous basant sur une enquête de 250 ménages dans 48 communautés du Nord-Est du Burkina Faso réalisée pendant les années 2000 et 2002, nous analysons quel est l'impact de ces changements institutionnels sur les revenus des agro pasteurs de la région. Bien que l'intervalle d'analyse est relativement court, il suffit à démontrer comment le niveau de coopération de 2000 a favorisé l'émergence des CVGT, et comment ces derniers ont rempli leur rôle premier de formalisation de la GRN.

Etudes & documents ; This article empirically explores the distribution of a Payments for Environmental Services (PES) scheme within Mexican forest communities. The PSA-H is a Mexican federal PES that has been remunerating communities for forest conservation since 2003. During the last decade, Mexico's National Forestry Commission [CONAFOR] has developed a complex targeting system in order to enroll forests owned by communities with certain socio-economic and ecological characteristics. In the present study we analyze the socio-economic characteristics and land use changes of recipients of the PSA-H to understand how the targeting objectives have been expressed in the field. We conducted a combined survey of 47 ejidos and 163 households in the south of the state of Yucatan – the Cono Sur region. We first investigate, at the ejido-level, what determines the unequal distribution of payments. Second, we analyze the amount of payment received depending on the characteristics of households. Our analysis shows that the way the PSA-H is being distributed by ejidatarios bypasses the initial compensation objective. As a matter of fact, the distribution of the payments reflects past land use trajectories.

Etudes & documents ; This article empirically explores the distribution of a Payments for Environmental Services (PES) scheme within Mexican forest communities. The PSA-H is a Mexican federal PES that has been remunerating communities for forest conservation since 2003. During the last decade, Mexico's National Forestry Commission [CONAFOR] has developed a complex targeting system in order to enroll forests owned by communities with certain socio-economic and ecological characteristics. In the present study we analyze the socio-economic characteristics and land use changes of recipients of the PSA-H to understand how the targeting objectives have been expressed in the field. We conducted a combined survey of 47 ejidos and 163 households in the south of the state of Yucatan – the Cono Sur region. We first investigate, at the ejido-level, what determines the unequal distribution of payments. Second, we analyze the amount of payment received depending on the characteristics of households. Our analysis shows that the way the PSA-H is being distributed by ejidatarios bypasses the initial compensation objective. As a matter of fact, the distribution of the payments reflects past land use trajectories.

Etudes & documents ; This article empirically explores the distribution of a Payments for Environmental Services (PES) scheme within Mexican forest communities. The PSA-H is a Mexican federal PES that has been remunerating communities for forest conservation since 2003. During the last decade, Mexico's National Forestry Commission [CONAFOR] has developed a complex targeting system in order to enroll forests owned by communities with certain socio-economic and ecological characteristics. In the present study we analyze the socio-economic characteristics and land use changes of recipients of the PSA-H to understand how the targeting objectives have been expressed in the field. We conducted a combined survey of 47 ejidos and 163 households in the south of the state of Yucatan – the Cono Sur region. We first investigate, at the ejido-level, what determines the unequal distribution of payments. Second, we analyze the amount of payment received depending on the characteristics of households. Our analysis shows that the way the PSA-H is being distributed by ejidatarios bypasses the initial compensation objective. As a matter of fact, the distribution of the payments reflects past land use trajectories.

Quinze ans après la création des coopératives pastorales au niveau du Maroc oriental, l'exploitation et la gestion collectives des parcours restent toujours un défi majeur. Afin de mieux comprendre comment l'espace pastoral est approprié et exploité par les différents groupes en présence, une analyse multiniveaux a été entreprise sur l'espace de la tribu des Béni Guil du Nord. Les parcours ont été délimités et caractérisés selon une approche participative, puis des enquêtes socio-économiques ont été conduites de façon exhaustive auprès de tous les segments de cette tribu (fraction, douar, fakhda) et de façon représentative auprès de 137 ménages. Les principaux résultats montrent que deux phénomènes de dominance de l'appropriation de l'espace pastoral par les fractions prévalent dans la zone : certaines fractions sélectionnent et s'approprient les meilleurs parcours, d'autres, en réponse, développent les mises en culture permettant ainsi d'accéder à de vastes espaces pastoraux. Cette étude a ensuite relié ces phénomènes de dominance aux caractéristiques communautaires (structure démographique, gouvernance, hétérogénéité des actifs, capital social.), et a montré que les éleveurs provenant des fractions qui dominent les meilleurs parcours de la zone sont moins vulnérables car ils sont nettement moins exposés à l'abandon de l'élevage et à la migration. Les résultats indiquent que la gestion des parcours de Tendrara et de Maâtarka doit être considérée à l'échelle de la tribu dans laquelle les coopératives pastorales auront nécessairement à prendre ces rapports de force en compte. L'union pastorale offre un cadre formel et fonctionnel pour amorcer les négociations.