Suchergebnisse

Abstract

Contract-nominalism in the Code civil? The validity of bilateral agreements in the judicature of the courts of the Free City of Krakow (1815–1846). The courts of the Free City of Kraków, when applying Article 1325 of the Code civil, adopted a different direction from the courts in Baden or the French judiciary, both of which modified its strict content. In addition to the differences between the Polish, German and French judicatures, there were inconsistencies between individual judgements relating to the form of bilateral agreements in all three cases. As a result, the citizens of the Free City of Kraków, the Grand Duchy of Baden, or France, had no sufficient certainty as to whether their contracts would be adequately protected in the event of a dispute between the parties. The analyzed cases show a convergence of the jurisprudence of the Baden and French courts, which presented a bolder approach to the issue of the validity of bilateral agreements, thereby protecting the Code Civil principle of the freedom of contracts. Kraków courts refrained from such a creative interpretation of the article 1325 and based their rulings on its literal wording. This was partly due to the fact that Polish scholars and judges did not have easy access to the achievements of French jurisprudence at that time. The courts of Baden adjudicated in more favourable conditions, because French and German legal thoughts on the implementation of Code Civil intertwined and complemented each other.

In early March 1919 the government of Ignacy Paderewski established the office of General Delegate of the Government for Galicia. This ended a stage of provisional management of the post-Austrian district, which resulted from political and systemic changes in the first months of the independent Polish state's existence. New structures of authority, such as the Polish Liquidation Commission or the Ruling Commission, emerged in opposition to the Polish administration of Austrian times and were based on political and civic rather than professional factors. This complicated the situation so much that the administration of Małopolska by the government in Warsaw became difficult. The appointment of Kazimierz Gałecki as the General Delegate of the Government for Galicia and placing the official structures from the Austrian times at his disposal stabilised administrative relations in the lands of former Galicia, strengthening the authority of the reborn Polish state.

The Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria had no legally binding means to influence the activity of the government. Despite the unsuccessful attempt to strengthen its position relative to the government administration, the Diet used its available powers to affect the administrative actions of the government. The results of these interpellations were varied. In cases where the local interests and those of the Vienna government were divergent, the Diet was not able to persuade the government to alter its policy, as demonstrated by the futile efforts to convince the government to take a more liberal position on the matter of the Polish refugees. However, in cases where the national interest and the political plans of the central government could be reconciled, the actions of the Diet were more effective. The central government cooperated with the autonomous Galician institutions on matters like education or military service. ; Galicyjski Sejm Krajowy nie miał efektywnych środków prawnych, dzięki którym mógłby wiążąco wpływać na działania namiestnictwa. Próba wzmocnienia stanowiska wobec administracji rządowej zakończyła się niepowodzeniem. Nie znaczy to jednak, że Sejm nie starał się wykorzystywać przysługujących mu uprawnień do wywierania wpływu na czynności administracyjne namiestnictwa. Interpelacje i wezwania kierowane do namiestnika były mniej lub bardziej skuteczne. W sprawach, w których interesy kraju i władz centralnych wyraźnie się rozmijały, Sejm nie mógł liczyć na zmianę w postępowaniu namiestnictwa. Dowodzą tego między innymi wysiłki Sejmu w celu skłonienia administracji rządowej do prowadzenia bardziej liberalnej polityki wobec polskich uchodźców. Tam, gdzie interesy kraju dawały się pogodzić z polityką rządu, oddziaływanie Sejmu na namiestnictwo przynosiło lepsze efekty. Pokazuje to po części współdziałanie organów autonomicznych i rządowych Galicji w takich sprawach, jak szkolnictwo czy służba wojskowa.