Suchergebnisse

This paper is an attempt to reassess the role of the Locarno Treaties (1925) in terms of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations evolution. The authors argue that the Locarno Treaties represent one of the turning points in the development of the international order after World War I. The Treaties were not a mere add-on to the Versailles system, in fact, they had replaced it and became the main legal instrument for maintaining security in the region. In order to test this hypothesis and provide a better understanding of how the contemporaries themselves assessed these agreements, the authors examine them within a broader context of debates on the European security issues, which took place in the 1920s.The views of the British elites on this matter are of particular interest here, since it was the British diplomacy that was at the origin of the Locarno Conference in 1925. The paper draws on a wide range of recently declassified archival documents, as well as on the materials of the debates in the House of Commons and publications in the leading British newspapers. It allows the authors to trace the evolution of approaches by the main British political parties to security issues in Europe. A systematic comparison of views of the Conservative and the Labour party representatives on the Geneva Protocol and the Rhineland Pact shows that by mid-1920s the British political elites advocated for an in-depth transformation of the Versailles order, particularly, through the development of an effective mechanism for maintaining international security. On that basis a broad political consensus had arisen, which led to the formation of a new two-party structure (Tory-Labour) after World War I.The study begins with an overview of the political situation in Europe and in Great Britain in the early 1920s. Then, it examines the Labour Party's draft of the Disarmament Protocol, as well as the principal causes of its failure. Finally, the paper covers the preparatory process for and the progress of the Locarno negotiations. Special attention is paid to the debates in the House of Commons on the conference, particularly, on its outcome document - the Rhineland Pact.

Objective: to study the risk factors, clinical, laboratory, and functional manifestations, course, prevention, treatment, and outcome of reactive pancreatitis (RP) following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Subjects and methods: A study group comprised 207 patients (156 males and 51 females; mean age, 54.5±12.7 years) treated at the N. N. Burdenko Main Military Hospital and undergone ERCP with and without papillosphincterotomy (PST). The patients' status, the presence and pattern of subjective and objective symptoms and laboratory parameters (blood amylase, urinary diastase, leukocytosis) were dynamically estimated after ERCP.Results: 58 (28.0%) patients developed post-ERCP RP, the severe course of pancreatitis being observed in 4.3%. There were no cases of pancreatic necrosis or fatal outcomes. RP was significantly more common in females, persons under 50 years of age, patients with chronic pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, or major duodenal papillary abnormalities (duodenal papillitis, choledochal stricture), choledocholithiasis, in the absence of the dilated common bile duct. RP less frequently occurred in patients only when adequate or combined PST had been performed. RP was characterized by an acute course, with a significant pain syndrome occurring, by altered health status, fever, hyperamylasemia, and leukocytosis within the first-second days following ERCP, and delayed urinary diastase elevation. Just after ERCP, all the patients were given a combination of octreotide and a protease inhibitor to prevent RP. The efficiency of prevention was directly confirmed by the fact that there were no cases of pancreatic necrosis and fatal outcomes. To treat RP, the authors gave a combination of antisecretory agents, protease inhibitors (contrycal, ingitril), antibacterial drugs (cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones), and proton pump inhibitors during starvation, in the use of analgesics and spasmolytics, and during active infusion therapy. In all cases RP was benign and ended with the patients recovery 5—14 days after initiation of the therapy.Conclusion: ERCP is a serious endoscopic operation characterized by a high risk of life-threatening complications (first of all RP). Before ERCP, the risk factors of RP should be assessed. All patients to undergo ERCP need a complex RP prevention including endoscopy, drugs, and intensive monitoring. In evolving RP, early multimodality therapy comprising antisecretory drugs, protease inhibitors, antibiotic therapy, analgesia, infusion therapy, and starvation. ; Цель исследования : изучение факторов риска развития, особенностей клинико-лабораторных и функциональных проявлений, течения, профилактики и лечения, исхода, РП после ЭРХПГ.Характеристика клинических наблюдений и методы: исследуемую группу составили 207 больных (156 муж. и 51 жен., ср. возраст 54,5±12,7 лет) находившихся на лечении в ГВКГ им. Н. Н. Бурденко и прошедшие ЭРХПГ с/без ПСТ. После ЭРХПГ в динамике оценивали состояние больных, наличие и характер субъективных и объективных симптомов и лабораторных показателей (амилаза крови, диастаза мочи, лейкоцитоз).Результаты: РП после ЭРХПГ развился у 58 больных (28,0%), причем тяжелое течение панкреатита отмечалось у 4,3%. Не было случаев панкреонекроза и летальных исходов. РП достоверно чаще возникал у женщин, лиц моложе 50 лет, больных ХП и ЖКБ, при патологии БДС (дуоденальный папиллит, стриктура холедоха), холедохолитиазе, при отсутствии расширения ОЖП. РП реже возникал у больных только при проведении адекватной или комбинированной ПСТ. РП характеризовался острым течением с появлением выраженного болевого синдрома, изменения самочувствия, лихорадкой, гиперамилаземией и лейкоцитозом в первые 1—2 дня после ЭРХПГ, отсроченным повышением диастазы мочи. Всем больным непосредственно после ЭРХПГ для профилактики РП назначали комбинацию октреотида и ингибитора протеаз. Косвенно эффективность профилактики подтверждается отсутствием развития панкреонекроза и летальных исходов. Для лечения РП использовали комбинацию антисекреторных препаратов, ингибиторов протеаз (контрикал, ингитрил) и антибактериальных препаратов (цефалоспорины, фторхинолоны), ИПП, на фоне голодания, назначения анальгетиков и спазмолитиков и активной инфузионной терапии. РП всех случаях протекал доброкачественно и заканчивался выздоровлением пациентов через 5—14 дней от начала терапии.Заключение: ЭРХПГ — серьезная эндоскопическая операция, характеризующаяся высоким риском опасных осложнений (прежде всего РП). Перед проведением ЭРХПГ необходимо оценить факторы риска развития РП. Все пациенты, проходящие ЭРХПГ, нуждаются в комплексной профилактике РП, включающей эндоскопические и медикаментозные методы и интенсивном наблюдении. При развитии РП наиболее эффективным является ранняя комплексная терапия, включающая антисекреторные препараты, ингибиторы протеаз, антибиотикотерапию, обезболивание, инфузионную терапию, голодание.