Suchergebnisse

In 2014 the newly elected Indonesian president Joko Widodo declared his doctrine "In- donesia – World Maritime Fulcrum". His intention is to transform Indonesia which connects two great oceans – Indian and Pacific – into a strategic logistic and trade world hub as well as the main supplier of sea products for the world market. Indonesian government plans to build 35 deepwater and ordinary ports across the archipelago during the next five years. The implementation of the project demands colossal money investments and gigantic volumes of work. Indonesia cannot do it alone, the country needs foreign investors and constructors. A number of Asian and Europe countries expressed their intentions to cooperate with Indonesia in the maritime sector. But the most interested turned out to be China which expressed its ardent desire to cooperate with Indonesia in the sector of maritime industry. And it is quite understandable taking into consideration that China worked out its own project "Maritime Silk Road" which comprises the same sea territory as Indonesia's "Maritime Fulcrum" project. Chinese leaders invited Indonesia to closely cooperate in implementing these two projects which are mutually coinciding and complementary. Indonesian leaders gladly accepted this invitation hoping to gain a lot from cooperation with China. Chinese "Maritime Silk Road" project will contribute to the development of inter-island communicativity which is strongly needed especially in the eastern part of Indonesian archipelago. In addition China agreed to participate in building and reconstructing Indonesian ports. Some Indonesian observers greet close cooperation with China as a very profitable business opportunity but others express apprehensions that too close cooperation with China could be dangerous for Indonesian sovereignty over its territorial waters.

Social protest in contemporary Indonesia is brought about by four important processes going on in the world lately namely modernization, globalization, westernization and democratization. These processes we can see in contemporary Indonesia gaining speed in the 21 century. There impact varies in different regions of the country, on various social groups of Indonesian population. As a consequence forms and modes of the social protest are different in diverse regions of the country and among various social and ethnic groups. Spontaneous social movements triggered by the drastic fall of the living condition of the wide masses of the country's population are the most dangerous to the ruling elite. Certain steps of the local authorities which allow big business to exploit mineral and land resources and as a consequence deny local population of traditional sources of their livelihood derive strong protests and waves of mass demonstrations. Globalization which penetrates the country's economy, political and social democratization and westernization provoke protest movements under Islamic banners and increase Islamic trends in Indonesian society. Nevertheless we may draw a conclusion that political risks following from social protest movements in contemporary Indonesia appeared to be minimal both to the ruling authorities and to the stability of the country's political system.

Victorious ending of the World War 2 on May, 9, 1945, stroke a crushing blow on the military axis Berlin - Rome - Tokyo. The USSR played a decisive role both on European and Asian fronts. Fulfilling its allied duty the Soviet Union entered the war in the Far East on 9 August, 1945 and defeated the Japanese army in Manchuria. This act became a great contribution to liberation of Asian peoples from the Japanese occupation. On the 17 August 1945 the Republic of Indonesia declared its independence. The recognition on the side of international community as well as diplomatic support became\e vital for the survival of the newly emerged Republic.The Soviet victory together with the allied nations in the Second World War, the new status of the USSR as a superpower, its constant anticolonial stance stimulated former colonies to appeal to the Soviet Union for backing and support. One of the first was the Republic of Indonesia, to which the USSR rendered all kind of help and encourages. The present article which is a result of the study of newly available documents from several recently opened Soviet archives shows the Soviet backing of Indonesia in the UN, its diplomatic recognition, in strengthening of Indonesian status as a sovereign state on the international arena as a whole.

In XXI century a new faze has begun in Russian-lndonesian relations which are based on pragmatism and supremacy of nations interests of both sides. Cooperation in the political, military, trade, investment, social and cultural spheres is strengthening, cooperation on international and regional arenas is widening. In relations with Indonesia, as well as with other Southeast Asian states Russia's main purpose is stability based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and benefit according to the international law. Indonesia's foreign policy maintains its free and active character. Russian-lndonesian relations in the 21 century are marked with intensive political dialogue. Political ties are developing steadily. Mutual presidential visits has become regular. Close cooperation has been established between state institutions on various levels. The most successful cooperation is developing in scientific, technological and military spheres. Thie cooperation is especially important for Indonesia in order to diminish its dependence on the West in these aspects. Relations in trade and economic spheres are not very intensive, but are stable and have a positive dynamics. Indonesia was always a good trade partner for Russia. Direct business con tacts are now developing between the two countries and this fact in very significant for the future economic cooperation. Nowadays Russian regions have begun to establish direct ties with Indonesian regions. Humanitarian sphere constitute an important aspect of Russian-lndonesian relations. Cooperation in education is going on successfully. A new phenomenon represents friendly contacts between religious leaders of both countries. In general mutually beneficial and fruitful cooperation between Russia and Indonesia is steadily progressing and opening brilliant perspectives.

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Решающую роль во внешнеполитическом процессе современной Индонезии играет правящая элита с опорой на бюрократию. Главной компонентой при принятии внешнеполитических решений является националистическая. Национальные интересы в политике, экономике, идеологии, духовной сфере всегда выдвигаются на первый план и составляют не только внешнее обрамление, но и главное внутреннее содержание внешнеполитических решений и шагов. Внешнеполитический ресурс для современной Индонезии - это, прежде всего, способ увеличить и упрочить свой политический вес в регионе Юго-Восточной Азии и АРТ , исламском мире, а также на международной арене в целом путем активного, но сохраняющего независимость и свободу маневра, включения в международные связи.

For more than two generations, historians have been asking themselves whether Moscow participated in the organizational and ideological revival of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in 1951-53. Some authors believe that the Indonesian communists defined the new party strategy and tactics independently from either Moscow or Beijing. Scholars have been eager to know whether Moscow participated directly in the promulgation of the new PKI line. Newly released documents show that Stalin played an active and personal role in the process of discussing and refining a new program for the PKI. The main ideas Stalin expressed during his discussions with the Indonesian Communists were incorporated into the new PKI program adopted in 1954, as well as in articles and speeches of PKI General Secretary Dipa Nusantara Aidit.