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"This cutting-edge book presents a broad picture of global capitalism and extractivism in contemporary Latin America. Leading scholars examine the cultural patterns involving gender, ethnicity, and class that lie behind protests in opposition to extractivist projects and the contrast in responses from state actors to those movements."

Foreword; Preface; Introduction;. - I: Theoretical, Historical, and International Background; . - 1 The Radical Left's Turbulent Transitions; . - 2 Brief Hypotheses on the State, Democracy, and Revolution in Latin America Today; . - 3 Institutional Conflict and the Bolivarian Revolution; . - II: The Twenty-First-Century Radical Left in Power in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador;. - 4 Social and Political Diversity and the Democratic Road to Change in Venezuela; . - 5 "Bad Left Government" versus "Good Left Social Movements"?; . - 6 Rafael Correa and Social Movements in Ecuador; . - III: Influences of the Twenty-First-Century Radical Left in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Cuba;. - 7 The Twenty-First-Century Road to Socialism in El Salvador and Nicaragua; . - 8 Cuba's New Socialism; IV: Economy, Society, and Media; . - 9 The Political Economy of Social Production Companies in Venezuela; . - 10 Constituent Moments, Constitutional Processes; . - 11 The Good, the Bad, and the Benevolent Interventionist; . - 12 Concluding Observations; . - Index; About the Contributors

This essay reviews the following works:
El giro dependentista latinoamericano: Los orígenes de la teoría marxista de la dependencia. Edited by Juan Cristóbal Cárdenas Castro and Raphael Lana Seabra. Santiago: Ariadna, 2022. Pp. 426. Open access e-book: https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/57860. ISBN: 9566095570.
Teorías del imperialismo y la dependencia desde el Sur Global. Edited by Néstor Kohan. Buenos Aires: Amauta Insurgente and Cienflores, 2022. Pp. 388. Free e-book online. ISBN: 9874066040.
The Dialectics of Dependency. By Ruy Mauro Marini. Edited by Amanda Latimer and Jaime Osorio. Translated by Amanda Latimer. New York: Monthly Review, 2022. Pp. 202. $26.00 paperback, $89.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781583679821
Dependency, Neoliberalism and Globalization in Latin America. By Carlos Eduardo Martins. Translated by Jacob Lagnado. Chicago: Haymarket, 2020. Pp. ix + 349. $28.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781642593594.
Rethinking Development: Marxist Perspectives. By Ronaldo Munck. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Pp. xxiv + 213. $139.99 paperback, $139.99 hardcover, $109.00 e-book. ISBN: 9783030738136.
Reproducción del capital, Estado y sistema mundial: Estudios desde la teoría marxista de la dependencia. By Jaime Osorio. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2020. Pp. 264. $1.99 e-book. ISBN: 9587831144.
Teoría marxista de la dependencia: Historia, fundamentos, debates y contribuciones. By Jaime Osorio. Los Polvorines: Ediciones UNGS, 2016. Pp. 336. Free e-book online. ISBN: 9789876302333.
Debates latinoamericanos: Indianismo, desarrollo, dependencia y populismo. By Maristella Svampa. Buenos Aires: Edhasa, 2018. Pp. 572. Free e-book online. ISBN: 6124760932.

In 2020, the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) withdrew support for President Nicolás Maduro even though Washington had recently intensified the "war on Venezuela," which included sanctions and military threats. The PCV's decision was in response to Maduro's business-friendly "defensive strategy" in the face of the imperialist aggression, which was more severe than that directed against other progressive Latin American governments, particularly after 2015. Maduro appeared to view the PCV and other critics on the left through the same lenses that he did critics on the right and, in the process, what Mao called "contradictions among the people" ended up becoming "antagonistic contradictions." There are tools, albeit imprecise ones, to determine whether the type of political retreat engineered by Maduro accorded with existing objective-subjective conditions in Venezuela. Unfavorable objective and subjective conditions also influenced Marx and Lenin to advocate defensive or "non-offensive" strategies at different times in their lifetimes, vehemently rejected by other leftist leaders.