Suchergebnisse

We, HSPH students and faculty, are living in a nation that is not flourishing. To quote Martin Luther King, "We may have come in different ships, but we are now in the same boat." American democracy is slipping away; eroding in front of us. The most flagrant instance of this impairment is manifest in the lives of African American boys and men. The deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner escalate this crisis from one of everyday complacency to collective outrage.

This article introduces the themes of children's rights and citizenship and surveys the authors' contributions to this volume of The Annals. The volume marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly's adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). As the most widely ratified of all human rights covenants, adoption of the CRC represents a landmark achievement in the history of childhood. Yet there remains a noticeable gap in its implementation. The United States has not ratified the CRC. The contributions to this volume take the CRC as a starting point along the path of achieving functional citizenship for children. Issues of child protection, political maturity, deliberative democracy, and intergenerational nondomination are covered. Several examples of empirical research on children's participation in social and political matters are provided. Recommendations are made to advance the case of child citizenship over the near term. This includes the need to urge the United States to ratify the CRC. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

This article introduces the themes of children's rights and citizenship and surveys the authors' contributions to this volume of The Annals. The volume marks the 20th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly's adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). As the most widely ratified of all human rights covenants, adoption of the CRC represents a landmark achievement in the history of childhood. Yet there remains a noticeable gap in its implementation. The United States has not ratified the CRC. The contributions to this volume take the CRC as a starting point along the path of achieving functional citizenship for children. Issues of child protection, political maturity, deliberative democracy, and intergenerational nondomination are covered. Several examples of empirical research on children's participation in social and political matters are provided. Recommendations are made to advance the case of child citizenship over the near term. This includes the need to urge the United States to ratify the CRC.

Concentrated urban poverty in the US is addressed from a dual perspective. The first viewpoint is derived from the social science literature. To advance the existing base of knowledge, reference is made to a specific research program, the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. This effort is currently in mid-course of a decade-long study of children from all major racial/ethnic, social class, & neighborhood groups in the city & is demonstrating the negative impacts on children's behavioral & social development of being raised in zones of concentrated poverty. The second perspective views urban poverty in the context of widening income disparity & through the lens of the economic & social rights accorded to citizens of a democracy. Political leadership is urgently needed to challenge this level of disparity & to acknowledge concentrated urban poverty as an insidious violation of human rights, particularly those of African American children. 27 References. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Prologue -- Introduction -- Part I: Nurture -- 1. Known City -- 2. Lonely Cradles -- 3. Mean Streets -- Part II: Voice -- 4. Wishes of the Community -- 5. Big Ideas in Small Places -- Part III: Choice -- 6. Reaching Mutual Understanding -- 7. Promoting Human Capability -- Part IV: Action -- 8. Educating Our Community -- 9. Inspiring Our Community -- 10. Moving Forward -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Index.

PART I. NURTURING: Known city -- Lonely cradles -- From minors to citizens -- PART II. VOICE: Wishes of the community -- Big ideas in small places -- PART III. CHOICE: Reaching mutual understanding -- Promoting human development -- PART IV. ACTION: Educating our community -- Inspiring our community -- Looking back to move forward.

PART I. NURTURING: Known city -- Lonely cradles -- From minors to citizens -- PART II. VOICE: Wishes of the community -- Big ideas in small places -- PART III. CHOICE: Reaching mutual understanding -- Promoting human development -- PART IV. ACTION: Educating our community -- Inspiring our community -- Looking back to move forward.

Given the host of tragic events that children experience, it is often compelling for well-intended adults to respond in a protective and charitable fashion. The child rights approach asks for more. Building on their collective experiences in the developmental and social sciences, the authors present in roughly chronological fashion a synopsis of the theoretical explorations and scientific evaluation that completes a framework to advance the status of children as citizens. The recognition of the agency and capability of a child and the dynamic and enduring source of socialization from and social integration within the community are fundamental to this project. The participatory rights enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child serve as an impetus and inspiration to this project, the Young Citizens Program. What began with small-scale deliberative groups in Chicago matured into a cluster randomized controlled trial in northern Tanzania. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Given the host of tragic events that children experience, it is often compelling for well-intended adults to respond in a protective and charitable fashion. The child rights approach asks for more. Building on their collective experiences in the developmental and social sciences, the authors present in roughly chronological fashion a synopsis of the theoretical explorations and scientific evaluation that completes a framework to advance the status of children as citizens. The recognition of the agency and capability of a child and the dynamic and enduring source of socialization from and social integration within the community are fundamental to this project. The participatory rights enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child serve as an impetus and inspiration to this project, the Young Citizens Program. What began with small-scale deliberative groups in Chicago matured into a cluster randomized controlled trial in northern Tanzania.

AbstractPrenatal exposures to neurotoxins and postnatal parenting practices have been shown to independently predict variations in the cognitive development and emotional‐behavioral well‐being of infants and children. We examined the independent contributions of prenatal cigarette exposure and infant learning stimulation, as well as their inter‐relationships in predicting variations in the proficiency of executive attention, a core element of cognitive control and self‐regulation. Participants were an ethnic‐racially, socio‐economically diverse sample of 249 children followed from birth in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We obtained histories of prenatal exposure to alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs, and we assessed socio‐economic status and learning stimulation during a home visit when the participants were infants. In childhood we utilized the Attention Networks Test to assess the proficiency of executive attention during two home visits, one year apart. Accounting for age, SES, prenatal alcohol exposure, and baseline performance, we found that prenatal cigarette exposure impaired the speed of executive attention. Infant learning stimulation mitigated these effects, and predicted better accuracy of executive attention as well, suggestive of both protective and health promoting effects. Effect sizes for these relations, whether examined independently or by their inter‐relationships, were comparable to if not greater in magnitude than the effects of age on speed and accuracy, highlighting the importance of these very early experiences in shaping the proficiency of self‐regulation. Since executive attention is central to cognitive control and self‐regulation, previously described relations between prenatal cigarette exposure, parenting practices, and some forms of childhood psychopathology may be contingent on how early learning stimulation contributes to the proficiency of executive attention through direct and indirect effects. Furthermore, considering the prolonged developmental trajectory of executive attention, interventions to support provision of learning stimulation may mitigate poor outcomes for some at‐risk children by promoting development of more proficient executive attention.