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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Responsibility for CED Statements on National Policy -- Purpose of This Statement -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Summary and Major Recommendations -- The Third World and the United States -- The Third World Debt Crisis and Beyond -- The Third World Debt Crisis -- Key Elements for Sustained Progress -- Concluding Comment -- 2 Domestic Capital and Internal Policies in the Third World -- Domestic Capital -- Domestic Management -- The Structuralist Heritage -- The New View -- 3 External Finance and Policies -- External Finance -- The Two Gaps -- Estimation Problems -- External Policies -- 4 Official Finance -- Economic Role of Official Finance -- Composition and Trends in Official Finance -- U.S. Economic Assistance -- Multilateral Development Assistance -- Systems of Multilateral Development Institutions -- Official Finance and the Private Sector -- Aid Coordination -- 5 Foreign Private Investment -- Attitudes Toward Direct Investment -- Special Characteristics of Direct Investment -- Types of Direct Investment -- Three Models of Direct Investment -- Trends in Direct Investment -- Effects of Direct Investment -- Host-Country Policies -- U.S. Policies -- International Policies -- Portfolio Equity Investment -- 6 Commercial Lending -- Evolution of Private Lending -- Dimensions and Structure of External Debt -- The Burden of Debt -- Resource Transfers -- Lessons of Debt Problem -- Classification of Loans Adversely Affected by Transfer Risk -- The Cooke Committee and the Lender-of-Last-Resort Issue -- Future of Bank Lending to Developing Countries -- Role of Multilateral Financial Institutions -- Institute of International Finance -- International Bond Markets -- Notes -- Memoranda of Comment, Reservation, or Dissent -- Objectives of the Committee for Economic Development.

This title deals with the social life of language: language in its sociocultural context. It draws from sociolinguistics, the sociology of language, and psycholinguistics. It explains the differential social evaluations of languages and dialects, how names (and naming) are much more than simple designations, and why some languages come to dominate others.

HOW DO LANGUAGES LIVE AND DIE? WHAT ROLE DOES TRANSLATION PLAY IN HELPING LANGUAGES TO THRIVE? ARE POLYGLOTS VIEWED WITH SUSPICION, GIVEN THE LINKS BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY? IS THE MAINTENANCE AND REVIVAL OF FLAGGING LANGUAGES WORTH THE EFFORT? CAN A LANGUAGE REMAIN ''PURE''? IF LANGUAGE PATTERNS CONSTANTLY ALTER, WHAT DOES THIS SAY ABOUT IDENTITY? Multilingualism is everywhere in a globalized society. This book looks at the origins and development of languages, at language contact and competition, and at the emergence and the consequences of multilingualism. Edwards also examines

The central concern in this book is the relationship between language and group identity, a relationship that is thrown into greatest relief in 'minority' settings. Since much of the current interest in minority languages revolves around issues of identity politics, language rights and the plight of 'endangered' languages, one aim of the book is to summarise and analyse these and other pivotal themes. Furthermore, since the uniqueness of every language-contact situation does not rest upon unique elements or features – but, rather, upon the particular weightings and combinations of features that recur across settings – the second aim here is to provide a general descriptive framework within which a wide range of contact settings may be more easily understood. The book thus begins with a discussion of such matters as language decline, maintenance and revival, the dynamics of minority languages, and the ecology of language. It then offers a typological framework that draws and expands upon previous categorising efforts. Finally, the book presents four case studies that are both intrinsically interesting and – more importantly – provide specific illustrations of the generalities discussed earlier.

Introduction -- 2. Identity, the individual and the group -- 3. Identifying ourselves -- 4. Language, dialect and identity -- 5. Dialect and identity: beyond standard and nonstandard -- 6. Language, religion and identity -- 7. Language, gender and identity -- 8. Ethnicity and nationalism -- 9. Assessments of nationalism -- - 10. Language and nationalism -- 11. Language planning and language ecology -- Endnotes -- Glossary -- References

"The first book to highlight the most pressing sociology-of-language themes of our times. All of which have to do with the twin issues of power and identity. Important evidence and illustrations bearing upon these matters are provided and supplemented by an extensive bibliography"--