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In this study, the efficacy of globalization in influencing income growth within the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1982 to 2020 is being examined. The "Konjunkturforschungsstelle Globalization Index" (KOFGI) was used to measure globalization at the overall, economic, social, and political level, while income growth was captured using the growth rate of gross national income per capita. The data employed in the analysis were gotten from World Bank and KOFGI database. The analysis follows a sequential order of unit root test based on the augmented Dickey-Fuller, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, and error correction model. The unit root test revealed that the order of integration of the variables were mixed at levels and first difference. The bounds test showcased that all the dimensions of globalization exhibited long-run association with income growth. The short-run result indicated that globalization wielded a negative and significant effect on income growth. A unit percent increase in globalization put forth a 1.3818% decrease in income growth. In the long-run, globalization however exerted a positive but insignificant sway on income growth in the SSA. The implication of this is that though globalization poses a short-run negative impact on income growth, the SSA can move along the learning curve to derive some long-term benefits that emanate from global interactions. It becomes pertinent for the SSA to see globalization as a long-term avenue for propelling income growth, bearing in mind that the short-run negative effect can be corrected periodically as the economy moves along the learning curve of globalization.

Although Fela Anikulapo Kuti's musical career began in the 1950s, it was in the 1970s that he emerged as a formidable force on the scene. This was not just because of the multifaceted Afrobeat genre that he generated, or his versatility as an instrumentalist, but because he used his music, incomparably, to expose corruption, confront the excesses of government and slam the acquiescence of the larger populace. Sadly, however, his greatest hit, "Zombie" (1976), has been widely misconstrued as an attack on Nigeria's military, particularly the army. While the zombie theme may, in part, scoff at military regimented traditions, it disseminates a much wider message that condemns complicity and docility in the face of subjugation. This is despite the display of army personnel on the jacket of the original album, and recurring cynical commands that have been erroneously restricted to military parade protocol. To describe "Zombie" as an attack on the military is to relegate Fela's message to a narrow social context. Ironically, the denunciation of robotic compliance, which is the focal point of "Zombie," is a theme that Fela also captures in another song on the Zombie album, "Mr. Follow" (1976). The motif is repeated in other songs by Fela, including but not limited to "Shuffering & Shmiling" (1978) and, in part, "Sorrow, Tears & Blood" (1977). It was not Fela's style to shroud his message in telling images, as he was known to audaciously call the proverbial spade a spade. When he decided to castigate the army, he did so unashamedly in songs like "Army Arrangement" (1984) and "Unknown Soldier" (1979). To analyze Fela's "Zombie" effectively, therefore, it is necessary to do so in relation to other songs he released and within the context of his wider vision as a musician.

This paper examined the activities of trade unions under the umbrella of the Nigeria Labour Congress during the Military dictatorship of the late 1980's and 1990's, which hastened the return to democratic rule in the country. The apparent puzzle of its longevity and continued survival despite attempts to emasculate and undermine it by succeeding regimes especially the military, has often depicted it as the proverbial cat with mice lives will also be examined. The article focused on Buhari's economic reforms, how it helps in many measures to influence the development of Nigeria Political Economy, and how it stops the embezzlement of public funds through promulgation of degrees stopping of central feeding in tertiary schools by the Government. It also focused on introduction of the austerity measures by General Ibrahim Babangida that affected the economy development of Nigeria and the people. The paper focused on the annulment of the June 12, 1993 election that saw Chief M.K.O. Abiola emerging as the preferred candidate. The article concluded that, the relationship between trade unions and political parties is usually determined by both historical reasons and constitutional provisions, but often times some constitutional provisions merely embodied the historical developments that have served to structure such relationships. Article visualizations:

This paper focused on the importance of revisiting the traditional method of settling peace in our society. It also examined the activities of the European method of settling peace as was introduced to African Leaders during the era of colonization of African Nations. The paper also expressed the challenges posted to the local and international community as the evolution of institutions and strategies for attaining world peace and security. This paper seen peace as one of the humanity highest values and there are many definitions of what peace is; its meaning is multilateral and multi-disciplinary depending on which notion is central in the determination of peace as a concept. The paper looked at peace concept politically, within a state, and the conditions for which peace are created and maintained when the leaders and the citizens carry out their constitutional, political, social and economic roles by providing the needed security for all. The Article suggested that, the African methods of settling peace within the framework of African Continent should be maintained, while the Euro-centric idea of inviting people for peace settlement through police and court orders should be rejected.

The paper was written to reveal the complex multiplicity of challenges confronted with the Nigeria Labour Congress in the fulfilment of its mandate as workers and popular organization. It also showed the dynamics of the emergent international political economy that has a profound effect on the Nigerian context. The effective condition that has given impetus to the ascendancy of the anti-worker and anti-union managerial ethics that create grace to the bottom of Labour standard was observed. The paper examined the collective bargaining as the most Rational process of determining and reviewing the terms and conditions of employment and how the process manifests the power relationship between the employers and the trade unions. The Congress believes that the people must remain both the means and the ends of economic developments. In this context, the national development priority focuses on the protection and creation of employment. This paper concludes that the possibility of labour to achieve its various objectives, guarantee unity and organizational vibrancy depend on how it becomes a force in the socio-economic development of Nigeria, which requires good governance based on internal democracy. Nigerian Labour Congress as the leading organization of the working population, cannot afford to be alienated from this process. It was recommended among others that Nigerian Labour Congress should use international solidarity to protect the rights and gains of the Nigerian workforce, to strengthen trade organization in the sub-region, continentally and in the wider international level.

The paper was written to reveal the complex multiplicity of challenges confronted with the Nigeria Labour Congress in the fulfilment of its mandate as workers and popular organization. It also showed the dynamics of the emergent international political economy that has a profound effect on the Nigerian context. The effective condition that has given impetus to the ascendancy of the anti-worker and anti-union managerial ethics that create grace to the bottom of Labour standard was observed. The paper examined the collective bargaining as the most Rational process of determining and reviewing the terms and conditions of employment and how the process manifests the power relationship between the employers and the trade unions. The Congress believes that the people must remain both the means and the ends of economic developments. In this context, the national development priority focuses on the protection and creation of employment. This paper concludes that the possibility of labour to achieve its various objectives, guarantee unity and organizational vibrancy depend on how it becomes a force in the socio-economic development of Nigeria, which requires good governance based on internal democracy. Nigerian Labour Congress as the leading organization of the working population, cannot afford to be alienated from this process. It was recommended among others that Nigerian Labour Congress should use international solidarity to protect the rights and gains of the Nigerian workforce, to strengthen trade organization in the sub-region, continentally and in the wider international level. Article visualizations:

This paper focused on the importance of revisiting the traditional method of settling peace in our society. It also examined the activities of the European method of settling peace as was introduced to African Leaders during the era of colonization of African Nations. The paper also expressed the challenges posted to the local and international community as the evolution of institutions and strategies for attaining world peace and security. This paper seen peace as one of the humanity highest values and there are many definitions of what peace is; its meaning is multilateral and multi-disciplinary depending on which notion is central in the determination of peace as a concept. The paper looked at peace concept politically, within a state, and the conditions for which peace are created and maintained when the leaders and the citizens carry out their constitutional, political, social and economic roles by providing the needed security for all. The Article suggested that, the African methods of settling peace within the framework of African Continent should be maintained, while the Euro-centric idea of inviting people for peace settlement through police and court orders should be rejected. Article visualizations:

The study compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK. In order to achieve the aim for the study, a survey method was employed using questionnaire administered on respondent estate surveyors and valuers in Calabar and Uyo metropolises. The study surveyed valuers opinions on the existence of valuation variance and inaccuracy, the possible causes and the margin of valuation error and data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics to find the mean score, standard deviation and percentages. The findings from the study show that valuation variance and inaccuracy is high in Nigeria as compared to UK. The possible causes include lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables, lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted, client's influence, inadequate training of valuers, imperfect knowledge of the property market, wrong assumptions on cost per square metre, lack of professional experience as well as failure to discipline valuers on cases of negligence with lack of standards ranked first with the highest frequency and mean score. The study concluded by recommending the creation of a central property database, adopting/enforcement of international valuation standards, enforcement of disciplinary measures for erring members on negligence and a defined acceptable margin of valuation error.

The study assessed the contribution of vegetable production to food security in Uruan Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and to identify the major vegetable crops grown by farmers for livelihood diversification in the study area. Sample sizes of 121 respondents were selected through multi-stage sampling procedure from selected agricultural zones in Uruan LGA. Data collected were analyze using descriptive statistics. Results of the study revealed that female farmers (88.3%) participated in vegetable production, while (11.7%) of the participants were males. Majority of the farmers aged 51-60 years (63.3%) were involved in vegetable production while a small proportion aged 20-30 years (2.5%) were also involved; 55% of the farmers had no formal education implying that their educational level were relatively low. In identifying vegetable crops grown by farmers for livelihood diversifications, waterleaf ranked 1st (x̄ = 3.61) followed by fluted pumpkin (x̄ = 3.59) while cucumber ranked 9th (x̄ = 2.44). Results of the hypothesis revealed that sex, marital status, farm size and system of land ownership were 11.519, 9.664, 44.072 and 44.817 respectively and were significant at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. The study concluded that socio-economic characteristics of farmers are significantly related to vegetable production. The study therefore recommended that land tenure policy should be reviewed to enhance land ownership, human capital development should be prioritized, agricultural co-operatives should be formed, also, extension services should be provided to farmers.Keywords: Vegetable, food security, contribution, Uruan

The study assessed weed management techniques among cocoa farmers in Akamkpa Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to assess the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the study area; identify major weeds affecting cocoa farms, identify major techniques of weed management; ascertain the various indigenous weed management techniques employed by cocoa farmers in the study area. A random sampling technique was adopted in the selection of 120 respondents for the study. Also, descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, means and percentages, as well as inferential statistics such as chisquare model were used for analysis of the study objectives and the testing of study hypothesis respectively. Results of the study revealed that (41.70%) had no formal education, (37.50%) were aged above 50 years, (58.30%) were married with children. Results of cocoa weeds predominant in the study area revealed that; Chromolaena odorata, Ageratim conyzoides, Pennisetum purpureum and Mimosa pudica were the major weeds that interfered with the cocoa crops in the study area at the percentage of (82.50%), (74.20%), (63.30%) and (48.30%) respectively. The results also showed that integrated weed management techniques were mostly used by cocoa farmers, but that indigenous weed management techniques such as slashing of weeds with machetes (83.30%), hoe weeding (75.00%) and hand pulling or hand rouging (73.30%) were also utilized by cocoa farmers for weed control in the study area. The study concluded that majority of the respondents were relatively young with very little or no formal education, limited access to large farmlands for cocoa production, earned less than N100,000 per annum from cocoa sales. The study, therefore, recommended that extension services be provided to the cocoa farmers to facilitate training and education on basic scientific weed and pest management techniques; that the land tenure system of 1978 be reviewed to allow farmers access to large hectares of arable land for cocoa farming.Keywords: Weed Management, Techniques, Cocoa, Farmers, Akamkpa

The study assessed rubber production technologies and the related socio-economic environments in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study seeks to reawaken the interests of rubber farmers in improved rubber production technologies in the study area. The specific objectives of the study were to; identify the socioeconomic characteristics of rubber farmers in the study area, identify improved rubber production technologies disseminated to farmers and to assess some socio-economic variables associated with adoption of improved rubber production technologies in the study area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in selecting 96 rubber farmers for the study. Primary data generated for the study were analysed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies and Multiple Regression Analysis. The result showed that Extension Officers disseminated about 13 improved rubber production technologies to farmers in the area. From the OLS regression estimates, R2 value was 0.559 with three selected socio-economic variables being the major factors affecting adoption of improved rubber production technologies. These include; Age, Education and Contact with Extension Agents. These were significant at l% level of probability. This calls for the re-introduction of non-formal education among farmers in the rural areas to improve their level of education and adoption of improved technologies. Government should increase the extension-farmer ratio from the present 1:1000 to 10:1000.Keywords: Rubber production, technologies, socio-economic environments, variables and Akwa Ibom State

This study examines the relationship between head teacher leadership style and mathematics student's academic performance in Abi local government area of Cross river state, Nigeria. Three null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. A random stratified sampling technique was used to select or sample one hundred and ninety (190) students and ten (10) head teachers from the population of the study. Two instruments were developed for data collection known as Head Teacher Leadership Style Questionnaire (HTLSQ) and mathematics achievement test (MAT). Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) was used to analyze all the three null hypothesis. The findings revealed that: there is a significant positive relationship between democratic leadership style and student's academic performance and there is no significant relationship between laissez fair leadership style and student's academic performance. It was concluded that head teacher leadership style influence student's academic performance. It was therefore recommended that head teachers should undergo in-service training on leadership style of administration of schools and as a matter of concern use mostly the democratic leadership style.Keywords: head teacher, leadership, democratic, laissez fair, academic performances