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We introduce non-binary IPP set systems with traceability properties that have IPP codes and binary IPP set systems with traceability capabilities as particular cases. We prove an analogue of the Gilbert–Varshamov bound for such systems. ; Marcel Fernandez: The work of M. Fernández has been supported by the Spanish Government Grant TEC2015- 68734-R and Catalan Government Grant SGR 782. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

The article is a detailed review of a collective monograph published in honor of W.Sadurski, a prominent Australian legal scholar of Polish origin. It illuminates the most important problems of concern today to the international legal community. In particular, it is about the coming to power in a number of EU countries of right-wing populists who demonstratively disregard liberal values and tolerant rhetoric; the problems of the EU's existence within its current borders, aggravated after the UK's secession from the Union; and the phenomenon of "illiberal democracy" as one of the most dangerous challenges facing the constitutional development of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Hungary and Poland. Special attention is paid to democratic backsliding, seen in the steady decline in rankings of post-socialist countries in various ratings of democratic accountability. The paper draws a conclusion about the general crisis that democratic statehood is experiencing on the European continent today and which is perhaps the most serious since the late 1930s. Also addressed is the broader use of various forms of direct democracy, beginning with nationwide and local referendums and ending with various types of plebiscites on confidence. A relatively new form of popular governance has been introduced by deliberative (consultative) democracy, for example in the case of Ireland's Citizens' Assembly, which is chosen by random selection and as vox populi gives parliamentary committees recommendations on the most acute and divisive social problems. The volume also illuminates rightist governments' social-economic policies repudiating the 1990s' widely accepted concept of the market's invisible hand and relying on direct payments to the population (as in Poland's "500+" program, Covid payments, and so on). The Polish case is separately examined, particularly in the context of the so-called 'war' with the Constitutional tribunal.

Under the modern conditions of quick development of tourism in the world, which sets strict requirements to the level of work of tourist companies, there is an urgent need for systemic study of general and specific attributes of tourist business, its organization, regularities of development and management, and its intersectoral and infrastructural interconnections. The article studies peculiarities of development of tourist market in Russia and factors of development of tourism under the conditions of economic instability, determines top-priority directions of state's support for tourist industry, distinguishes main attributes of tourist services which should be taken into account during marketing research, and determines main stages of marketing research. It is determined that under the conditions of economic and political instability, the necessity for re-orientation of the flow of international outbound Russian tourism at the development of internal tourism is obvious, and development of tourist industry requires a complex of measures that consists in formation of effective system of marketing, thus leading to the necessity for satisfaction of needs of foreign and internal tourists in the region of stay. The main purpose of this article is to determine factors of development of tourism under the conditions of economic instability and develop methodological instrumentarium for increase of competitiveness of tourist industry enterprises under the modern conditions. The authors use the data received as a result of research, conducted with the use of methods of statistical and graphical analysis, which allowed reflecting specifics of tourist market in Russia and of strategic segmenting. The result of implementation of these measures of tourism development and use of marketing instrumentarium will be the creation of modern and technically equipped tourist industry, capable of satisfying needs of Russian and foreign citizens. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s4p99

BACKGROUND: Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics is considered to be the most important reason for development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. As antibiotic resistance may spread across borders, high prevalence countries may serve as a source of bacterial resistance for countries with a low prevalence. Therefore, bacterial resistance is an important issue with a potential serious impact on all countries. The majority of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are treated in general practice. Most infections are caused by virus and antibiotics are therefore unlikely to have any clinical benefit. Several intervention initiatives have been taken to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics in primary health care, but the effectiveness of these interventions is only modest. Only few studies have been designed to determine the effectiveness of multifaceted strategies in countries with different practice setting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted intervention targeting general practitioners (GPs) and patients in six countries with different prevalence of antibiotic resistance: Two Nordic countries (Denmark and Sweden), two Baltic Countries (Lithuania and Kaliningrad-Russia) and two Hispano-American countries (Spain and Argentina). METHODS/DESIGN: HAPPY AUDIT was initiated in 2008 and the project is still ongoing. The project includes 15 partners from 9 countries. GPs participating in HAPPY AUDIT will be audited by the Audit Project Odense (APO) method. The APO method will be used at a multinational level involving GPs from six countries with different cultural background and different organisation of primary health care. Research on the effect of the intervention will be performed by analysing audit registrations carried out before and after the intervention. The intervention includes training courses on management of RTIs, dissemination of clinical guidelines with recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, posters for the waiting room, brochures to patients and implementation of point of care tests (Strep A and CRP) to be used in the GPs'surgeries. To ensure public awareness of the risk of resistant bacteria, media campaigns targeting both professionals and the public will be developed and the results will be published and widely disseminated at a Working Conference hosted by the World Association of Family Doctors (WONCA-Europe) at the end of the project period. DISCUSSION: HAPPY AUDIT is an EU-financed project with the aim of contributing to the battle against antibiotic resistance through quality improvement of GPs' diagnosis and treatment of RTIs through development of intervention programmes targeting GPs, parents of young children and healthy adults. It is hypothesized that the use of multifaceted strategies combining active intervention by GPs will be effective in reducing prescribing of unnecessary antibiotics for RTIs and improving the use of appropriate antibiotics in suspected bacterial infections.