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Intro -- Book Title -- Table of Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Tables -- 3.1 Project Management Process -- 4.1 Geographical Spread of Interview Participants -- 4.2 Sectors That Participants Represented -- 4.3 Producing a Scoring System for Vulnerability Factors -- 4.4 Producing a Scoring System for Security Factors -- 5.1 Positive and Negative Externalities and Social Costs and Benefits -- 5.2 Simplified Direct Regulatory Model for Credit Card Fraud Reduction -- 5.3 Simplified Cap-and-Trade Model for Credit Card Fraud Reduction -- 6.1 Ratio of Differences in Locking Practices for the Prototype Bicycle Parking Stands Compared to the Control Sheffield Stands -- 8.1 Principal Packaging Solutions and Technologies Against Counterfeiting -- 10.1 Handbag Theft in Supermarkets, Rates per 1,000 Warwickshire Residents -- 10.2 Victim-Reported Handbag Theft Description -- 10.3 What Drew Your Attention to the Trolley Safe? -- 11.1 AT CUT PRICES: Characteristics That Make FMCGAttractive to Thieves -- Figures -- 3.1 Four Main Activity Areas of the Design Life Cycle That Make Up the Framework -- 3.2 The DAC Evaluation Framework -- 3.3 Example of a Page from the DAC Evaluation Framework Publication -- 6.1 The Prototype Bicycle Parking Stands -- 6.2 Fraction of Time Bicycle Parking Stands Were Observed as Unused -- 6.3 Locking Practices for Sheffield Stands vs. the Prototype Bicycle Parking Stands as a Single Group -- 6.4 Locking Practices for Sheffield Stands and Each Prototype Bicycle Parking Stand -- 7.1 Sketch of an Early Version of a CT Bin -- 7.2 CT Bin on a Sydney Railway Platform -- 9.1 Final Version of the Grippa Clip -- 9.2 The Chelsea Clip -- 9.3 Poster Advertising the Grippa Clip -- 9.4 Card Hanger for the Grippa Clip -- 9.5 The Grippa Clip with the Handbag Logo.

In crime prevention, security and community safety, attempts to replicate individual 'success-story' projects still often end in implementation failure. And the effort remains divided ₆ between situational and offender-oriented interventions, between cause, risk factor and problem-oriented approaches, and between justice/law enforcement and 'civil' prevention. The field is in poor shape to control everyday crime problems, let alone the challenges of terrorism, organised crime and techno-crime where preventers must continually out-innovate offenders; nor the upcoming disruptions from financial disarray and climate change. This book seeks to change that. It diagnoses underperformance in the way practice knowledge is captured and transferred, fostering cookbook copying and stifling innovation; in concepts and terminology inadequate as tools for thinking and communication; and in the adoption of over-simple frameworks which, though useful for a quick start, soon constrain practitioners. It develops a specification for a fit-for-purpose knowledge management framework, confronting complexities of real-life prevention and helping practitioners select prior practice, replicate and innovate. Finally, it introduces a process-based framework, 5Is, and related definitions and models of causation and intervention, designed to meet the specification. The book lays foundations for a working practical system of knowledge management and process evaluation that complements and extends the progress made in impact evaluation.

Crime, unlike mercy, doesn't fall like a gentle rain evenly covering the land – it gathers in pools. Risk of crime is concentrated in particular places (Eck et al., 2007), on particular victims (Farrell and Pease, 2008) and on particular products, the focus of this chapter. This concentration has two kinds of implication. On the one hand it gives strong clues about the causation of criminal events, whether concerning the targets or tools of those crimes or the insecurity of their immediate situation; on the other, it guides the kind of situational crime prevention (SCP) strategy that can be adopted. That strategy can be developed either in reaction to an established pattern of risk, or in anticipation, but in either case the underlying rationale is the same. If you – as policy-maker, police officer, designer, manufacturer or consumer – can identify the targets and tools at elevated risk of featuring in crime, then you can respectively concentrate your preventive policies and practices, direct your costly operational resources, design and incorporate elevated security performance in particular products, and choose the make and model of product you buy according to security ratings, as happens, say, with the UK car theft index (Laycock, 2004). There is much practice and research into how the design of the built environment increases, or decreases, the risk of crime. But this chapter covers products, essentially two- or three-dimensional objects that have been designed and manufactured in some way, and which may be portable (e.g. laptops), mobile (e.g. cars), movable (e.g. home cinema TV sets), incorporated (e.g. a tamper-evident lid for a medicine container) or installed (e.g. a cash machine). Classes of items at elevated risk of crime have been dubbed 'hot products' (Clarke, 1999), revisited below. Products may be hot by virtue of their intrinsic material value (such as jewellery or bronze statuary), their manufactured-in value (such as a mobile phone) or some combination. In either case, this 'reward' value (using rational choice perspective terms – Cornish and Clarke, 1986) is often accompanied by some kind of opportunity, enabling the product to be taken with relatively little effort or risk to the offender. Of course, risk and effort may partly reside in the nature of the environment in which the products are typically found, such as whether guardians of targets (Cohen and Felson, 1979) or other kinds of crime preventer (Ekblom, 2011) are present, capable and motivated. But much of that opportunity may reside in the rewarding and/or vulnerable design of the product itself; and even if the design is not obviously 'culpable' (e.g. an easy-to-steal car or a provocative poster) design solutions may be the most reliable and/or cost-effective remedy. The first section of this chapter begins by defining key terms such as risk and risk factors. It then reviews how the latter feature in situational crime prevention notably via the phenomenon of hot products; the underlying causes of elevated risk; the risk life-cycle of products. The second part covers the response to elevated risk, notably via intervention through design, covering both content and process; anticipation of future risks; and evidence of effectiveness. As said, the focus is on two-and three-dimensional manufactured products excluding buildings and landscapes although some such products can be considered enclosures (such as handbags or vehicles) with 'access control' resemblances to buildings (you can break into a building or car, or slip or slash open a handbag or purse, to reach the contents you wish to steal). (The architectural approach known as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED – e.g. Armitage, [ref to chapter in this volume]) has developed its own terminological traditions – not always clear ones – and concepts and theory need integrating with SCP.) The important role of businesses in creating or reducing crime opportunities in manufactured products, and the difficulties of influencing their 'design decision-making' to give some weight to security, is covered only briefly; more is in Ekblom (2012a) and Hardie and Hobbs (2005). The creativity of criminals themselves is well-addressed in Cropley et al. (2010). The role of government in incentivising and otherwise leading on design is discussed in Clarke and Newman (2005) and was exemplified in the UK Home Office's Design and Technology Alliance (see www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/challenges/security/design-out-crime/ for useful case studies).

This article reflects the particular point of view of an English professional «user» of Déviance et Société, seeking to describe the reception of this journal in the professional criminological Anglo-Saxon world, in order to broaden its dissemination. In this respect, some reflections are addressed to the Editorial board, both from a practical and theoretical point of view. On the latter, an invitation is launched to augment the number of contributions dealing with evaluation and crime prevention.

Design against crime has always existed, but a combination of circumstances has led to its recent takeoff. Design seeks fitness for purpose and involves reconciling conflicting requirements, one of which may be crime prevention. The focus in this article is on design changes to the physical world while acknowledging links with social processes. The aim is to illustrate how design and prevention overlap, not to identify what works. After a review of contemporary schools of design, some of which can be criticized for narrowness and an uncertain empirical base, a broader definition of prevention is proposed that allows less restricted exploration of how different types of prevention employ design. The article then considers the process of preventing crime through design, discussing the special difficulties of designing when offenders can fight back. A wider-ranging look, from an ecological perspective, reveals interesting parallels between design against crime and other fields.

Discusses crime-preventive design changes to the physical world, while acknowledging crime's links with social processes. After a review of contemporary schools of design, a broader definition of prevention is proposed that allows less restricted exploration of how different types of prevention employ design. The process of preventing crime through design is considered, discussing the special difficulties of designing when offenders can fight back. A wider-ranging look, from an ecological perspective, reveals interesting parallels between design against crime & other fields. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Moving home as a flight from crime: residential mobility as a cause and consequence of crime and a challenge to Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -- 3 "Why my house?" - exploring the influence of residential housing design on burglar decision making -- 4 Using guardianship and situational crime prevention (SCP) to strengthen Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) -- 5 Sharpening up CPTED - towards an ontology based on crime science and ecology -- 6 Simulating CPTED: computational agent-based models of crime and environmental design -- 7 Simulation of dependencies between armed response vehicles and CPTED measures in counter-terrorism resource allocation -- 8 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Malaysia: development of a tool to measure CPTED implementation in residential settings -- 9 How to ruin CPTED -- 10 A decade developing the delivery of CPTED across Greater Manchester -- 11 Less crime, more vibrancy, by design -- 12 Conclusion -- Index

Moving home as a flight from crime: residential mobility as a cause and consequence of crime and a challenge to crime prevention through environmental design / Michelle Rogerson and Ken Pease -- "Why my house?": exploring offender perspectives on risk and protective factors in residential housing design / Rachel Armitage and Chris Joyce -- Using guardianship and situational crime prevention (SCP) to strengthen crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) / Danielle M. Reynald and Mateja Mihinjac -- Sharpening up CPTED: towards an ontology based on crime science and ecology / Paul Ekblom -- Simulating CPTED: computational agent-based models of crime and environmental design / Daniel Birks and Joseph Clare -- Simulation of dependencies between armed response vehicles and CPTED measures in counter-terrorism resource allocation / Hervé Borrion, Octavian Ciprian / Bordeanu and Sonia Toubaline -- Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in Malaysia: development of a tool to measure CPTED implementation in residential settings / Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali, Aldrin Abdullah and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi -- How to ruin CPTED / Ward A. Adams, Eric S. McCord, and Marcus Felson -- A decade developing the delivery of CPTED across greater manchester / Leanne Monchuk -- Less crime, more vibrancy, by design / Marcus Willcocks, Paul Ekblom and Adam Thorpe