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India has a very rich cultural history. The Ashwamedh Yagya, an important ritual and experiment from Vedic times, aimed to refine consciousness. Since the Vedic era, many Ashwamedha Yagyas have been performed. In light of scriptural texts and archaeological findings, the present study aimed to retrospectively analyze the performers and sites of the Ashwamedha Yagya in medieval India. The study found that 27 kings from 18 dynasties had performed a total of 81 documented Ashwamedha Yagyas from the 1st century BCE to the 18th century CE. Although the study tried to comprehensively identify all instances of Ashwamedha performed in medieval India, there may be more awaiting further study. The study observed that these findings were based on archaeological evidence, including copper plate inscriptions, stone inscriptions, brick and pillar inscriptions, yagya kunds, and coins. Ashwamedha sites were present throughout present-day India. An interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, inscriptional, scriptural, and sociological findings, along with expertise from ritualistic scholars, could unveil new research directions on the rich history of Ashwamedha Yagya in Indian culture.

Frederick Drew's historical account is the most important primary source of nineteenth-century Ladakh. He covered the entire territory of Jammu and Kashmir; however, the descriptive analysis in the present article covers only Ladakh. He moves from one territory to another while doing a geological survey, and along with it, he describes the social characteristics of the population. The article is an attempt to outline the narrative style of Drew that allowed him to develop an idea regarding Ladakh's territories in the nineteenth century.

Sangit Kumar Ragi, RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2022, 352 pp., $65, ISBN: 9789354792526 (Hardcover).

AbstractCircular economy (CE) is considered as one of the most preferred ways to survive the challenges of dynamic business environment as it facilitates businesses to achieve their sustainability goals by eliminating waste creation. However, there exists limited understanding regarding the enablers to the circular business strategies (CBS) and its desired outcomes at the firm level. Existing literature is diffused and fragmented, hence no comprehensive framework exists. This work presents CBS as a second‐order construct and identifies its firm level enablers and outcomes. Unlike case‐based research, the present work is based on a systematic review of literature to present an overarching and generalized framework of CBS to achieve the CE objectives. With the help of seven major enablers and three significant outcomes to CBS, this study holds some important implications for businesses and academia. By presenting information in a scientific and organized manner, it helps them unlock the potential of various circular factors that can lead to sustainable development.

Since 2015, there have been over a hundred instances of mob-lynching. Many of these incidents victimise people from discriminated groups (Dalits, Muslims, Christians, tribals, etc.) on the basis of allegations of cow slaughter, cow smuggling, cattle theft, etc. There have been more cases of extreme mob violence and lynching in which death, injury and trauma have occured for attempting of child-snatching or organ harvesting. Although the victims are targeted for different reasons, these incidents have in common mobs of vigilantes who use peer-to-peer messaging applications such as WhatsApp to spread lies about the victims, and use misinformation to mobilise, defend, and in some cases to document and broadcast images of their violence. Mob lynching is a term used to describe the acts of violence targeted by a large group of people. The violence is tantamount to a crime against a human body or property- both public as well as private. The mob believes that they are punishing the victim for doing something wrong (not necessarily illegal) and they take the law in their own hands to punish the alleged accused without following any rules of law. It is basically an affront to the Rule of law and to the exalted values of the Constitution itself. Lynching by unruly mobs and barbaric violence arising out of instigation cannot be allowed to become the order of the day. Mob violence is an obnoxious slur on our legal system. It stems from the perverse notion of vigilantism and leads to anarchy. Such excrescence needs to be curbed with an iron hand. Law is the mightiest sovereign in a civilized society. If emulated by the Union and other State governments, such a sterling law could substantially prevent hate attacks, ensure public officials are faithful to their constitutional responsibilities and victims, and that their families and communities are assured of protection and justice. In majority of the cases, the reason for mob lynchings has been 'cow slaughter'. The conviction rate in cases of lynching is as low as 16 per ...

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of exchange rate exposure and its relationship with currency derivatives usage in the dynamic environment of the global financial crisis of 2008.


Design/methodology/approach
Using a sample of 624 Indian firms over the period of April 2001–March 2016, this paper investigates the linear and asymmetric exposure by dividing the full sample period into different sub-periods around the crisis.


Findings
The evidence presented in the paper suggests that the firms are more exposed to the exchange rate changes since the onset of the financial crisis. However, there is a lack of evidence that the usage of currency derivatives is more effective in reducing exposure during the crisis/post-crisis period as opposed to the pre-crisis period.


Practical implications
The findings are important to investors and managers for a better understanding of firm behaviours in relation to their risk management policies during the period of external shocks like crisis.


Originality/value
There is a paucity of research to explore whether the effect of currency derivatives usage on exchange rate exposure varies during external shocks such as crisis periods. The paper provides novel evidence that the effectiveness of derivatives usage in alleviating exposure becomes less during the dynamic environment of crisis.

In this competitive world everyone strives to become a good leader. Generally, people have a notion that extroverts are better leaders than introverts (Cain, 2013). But recent results (Cain, 2013), are in contradiction with these peoples' beliefs. As we advance in our careers, individual expectations increase as we need to collaborate with others for the growth of the organization (Helgoe, 2013). Due to these expectations, extroverts have the edge when compared to introverts, and hence, this leads to the capabilities of introverts being overlooked (Eve-Cahoon, 2003). It is a general human tendency to define confidence with a person's level of loudness. As per the research by Laney (2002), loudness should not be a criterion to measure confidence. Being perplexed about our own behavior is the biggest mistake people make. Firstly, people need to understand which scale they pertain to. The research says the best way to understand this scale is by paying attention to what we do, not what we think or say (Cain, 2013). This article gives knowledge about how an introvert holds the capabilities to lead groups and inspire others. Various characteristics of introverted leadership are described with real-time examples and statistics to articulate the difference between extrovert and introvert leadership styles. The goal is not to change introverted leaders, instead it is to understand their preferences and use it as a strength (Kahnweiler, 2009).

It has been a century since Bhagat Singh was executed by the British government in India and almost sixty years since India's Independence. Bhagat Singh was executed or rather murdered by the British on 23 March, 1931.Though it was termed as a capital punishment that was a result of lawsuit for his alleged conspiracies of murder, it was a farce run by the Britishers in their own law courts. But the whole period, Bhagat Singh remained in jail was an awakening for the population of India as well as Bhagat Singh himself. He exposed the farce practices of British government and the attitude of then the only body of representation of Indian people, the Congress. It was an awakening for Bhagat Singh as he got an opportunity to read the intelligent scholars from around the world in order to prepare for his proceedings in the court. It was an awakening of the Indian masses as they got aware of the forms of exploitation they were being subjected to on the hands of British colonizers and how the then members of Congress were not doing enough to put the national interests forward. Bhagat Singh during his trial and after his execution emerged out to be the shining star of Indian Independence movement and a factor that united the masses of India for their liberation. Through these decades various political parties and fringe groups of the independent India have reproduced the ideologies of him in multiple ways according to their interests and utilities. The following paper will plunge into the history of the popular ideologies and affiliations of Bhagat Singh and its appropriations by the political blocks in India. The paper will briefly discuss the ideologies of contemporary leading political groups of India and how their doctrines coincide and dissent from that of Bhagat Singh. It will try to comprehend the complexities associated with the till now ambiguous thoughts of the revolutionary and the caricature of India that he had in his head. It is immensely imperative in the light of contemporary political milieu to understand the idea of Bharat that Bhagat Singh envisaged and comprehend its values to be applied in today's chaos that Indian political science has become.

Ranabir Samaddar, Neoliberal Strategies of Governing India. London and New York: Routledge, 2016, 352 pp., ₹853, ISBN: 978-1-138-67470-7 (Hardbound).