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Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist who specializes in childhood obesity once said, "Sugar is celebratory. Sugar is something that we used to enjoy. It is evident that now, it basically has coated our tongues. It's turned into a diet staple, and it's killing us."1 In the past decade the prevalence of sugar in American processed food and diet has become a growing domestic concern. It is evident that now more than ever, sugar has found its way into almost every food and drink consumed by Americans, "The United States leads the world in consumption of sweeteners and is number 3 in the world in consuming sugary drinks."2 Sugar alters the original taste of food and drink- it disguises itself using different names embedded in products such as high fructose corn syrup, maltose, and cane crystals in addition to artificial sweeteners like Aspartame, Neotame, and Sucralose.3 The media has focused attention on this topic as the health effects of sugar consumption have become more apparent. Sugar has become the target in recent legislation measures nationwide. Taxing sugar related beverages is now legal in large United States cities such as Philadelphia (PA) and Berkeley (CA). These taxes are intended to turn Americans off from sugary beverages in order to help reduce obesity, diabetes, rotten teeth, and other health related conditions that result from an influx in sugar consumption. Further research into this topic shows that the soda tax remains a controversial topic nationwide. The paper will focus on how the creation and implementation of a soda tax differs from the west and east coast based on the desired use for the revenue. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist who specializes in childhood obesity once said, "Sugar is celebratory. Sugar is something that we used to enjoy. It is evident that now, it basically has coated our tongues. It's turned into a diet staple, and it's killing us."1 In the past decade the prevalence of sugar in American processed food and diet has become a growing domestic concern. It is evident that now more than ever, sugar has found its way into almost every food and drink consumed by Americans, "The United States leads the world in consumption of sweeteners and is number 3 in the world in consuming sugary drinks."2 Sugar alters the original taste of food and drink- it disguises itself using different names embedded in products such as high fructose corn syrup, maltose, and cane crystals in addition to artificial sweeteners like Aspartame, Neotame, and Sucralose.3 The media has focused attention on this topic as the health effects of sugar consumption have become more apparent. Sugar has become the target in recent legislation measures nationwide. Taxing sugar related beverages is now legal in large United States cities such as Philadelphia (PA) and Berkeley (CA). These taxes are intended to turn Americans off from sugary beverages in order to help reduce obesity, diabetes, rotten teeth, and other health related conditions that result from an influx in sugar consumption. Further research into this topic shows that the soda tax remains a controversial topic nationwide. The paper will focus on how the creation and implementation of a soda tax differs from the west and east coast based on the desired use for the revenue. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

KNOW RESET - Building Knowledge for a Concerted and Sustainable Approach to Refugee Resettlement in the EU and its Member States ; This report presents the findings of field research in Kenya under the KNOW RESET project, which maps and analyses legal and policy frameworks as well as practices related to resettlement to European countries. The research in Kenya was a component of this broader project, which included research in 27 EU member states and three countries of first asylum: Kenya, Pakistan and Tunisia. Research was carried out in Nairobi and Kakuma refugee camp between June and October 2012 and involved interviews with refugee and resettlement actors, including those participating in resettlement to European countries. The report broadly explores and presents Kenya's resettlement landscape, the positions, roles and practices of European resettlement countries within that landscape, and the perspectives and experiences of refugees around resettlement. ; KNOW RESET is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

In Kenya, tea is a "political crop" (Ochieng 2007). Tea is one of Kenya's largest exports and is an important foreign exchange earner and source of revenue. At the same time, tea is key to the livelihoods many smallholder farmers in central Kenya and west of the Rift Valley, so that the price of tea is a recurrent focus of political campaigns. Keenly aware of tea's political and economic value, county governments grapple with the national government over tea policy, while key industry actors challenge and resist attempts at reform. These politics around the "true" price of tea are situated in and regenerated through the infrastructures through which Kenyan tea is produced, processed and marketed.

The increased presence of Somalis has brought much change to East African towns and cities in recent decades, change that has met with ambivalence and suspicion, especially within Kenya. This volume demystifies Somali residence and mobility in urban East Africa, showing its historical depth, and exploring the social, cultural and political underpinnings of Somali-led urban transformation. In so doing, it offers a vivid case study of the transformative power of (forced) migration on urban centres, and the intertwining of urbanity and mobility. The volume will be of interest for readers working in the broader field of migration, as well as anthropology and urban studies

Indian Asians, who make up a quarter of the world's population, are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether DNA methylation is associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence in Indian Asians and whether differences in methylation patterns between Indian Asians and Europeans are associated with, and could be used to predict, differences in the magnitude of risk of developing type 2 diabetes.We did a nested case-control study of DNA methylation in Indian Asians and Europeans with incident type 2 diabetes who were identified from the 8-year follow-up of 25 372 participants in the London Life Sciences Prospective Population (LOLIPOP) study. Patients were recruited between May 1, 2002, and Sept 12, 2008. We did epigenome-wide association analysis using samples from Indian Asians with incident type 2 diabetes and age-matched and sex-matched Indian Asian controls, followed by replication testing of top-ranking signals in Europeans. For both discovery and replication, DNA methylation was measured in the baseline blood sample, which wascollected before the onset of type 2 diabetes. Epigenome-wide significance was set at p<1 × 10(-7). We compared methylation levels between Indian Asian and European controls without type 2 diabetes at baseline to estimate the potential contribution of DNA methylation to increased risk of future type 2 diabetes incidence among Indian Asians.1608 (11·9%) of 13 535 Indian Asians and 306 (4·3%) of 7066 Europeans developed type 2 diabetes over a mean of 8·5 years (SD 1·8) of follow-up. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3·1 times (95% CI 2·8-3·6; p<0·0001) higher among Indian Asians than among Europeans, and remained 2·5 times (2·1-2·9; p<0·0001) higher after adjustment for adiposity, physical activity, family history of type 2 diabetes, and baseline glycaemic measures. The mean absolute difference in methylation level between type 2 diabetes cases and controls ranged from 0·5% (SD 0·1) to 1·1% (0·2). Methylation markers at five loci were associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence; the relative risk per 1% increase in methylation was 1·09 (95% CI 1·07-1·11; p=1·3 × 10(-17)) for ABCG1, 0·94 (0·92-0·95; p=4·2 × 10(-11)) for PHOSPHO1, 0·94 (0·92-0·96; p=1·4 × 10(-9)) for SOCS3, 1·07 (1·04-1·09; p=2·1 × 10(-10)) for SREBF1, and 0·92 (0·90-0·94; p=1·2 × 10(-17)) for TXNIP. A methylation score combining results for the five loci was associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence (relative risk quartile 4 vs quartile 1 3·51, 95% CI 2·79-4·42; p=1·3 × 10(-26)), and was independent of established risk factors. Methylation score was higher among Indian Asians than Europeans (p=1 × 10(-34)).DNA methylation might provide new insights into the pathways underlying type 2 diabetes and offer new opportunities for risk stratification and prevention of type 2 diabetes among Indian Asians.The European Union, the UK National Institute for Health Research, the Wellcome Trust, the UK Medical Research Council, Action on Hearing Loss, the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Oak Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, the German Research Center for Environmental Health, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Center for Diabetes Research, the Munich Center for Health Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, and the German Federal Ministry of Health.