Suchergebnisse

This article examines the effects of symbolic representation and strict disciplinary policy on how students and their parents perceive school discipline. We use data from the 2011-2012 New York City School Survey, combined with data on disciplinary actions from the Office of Civil Rights. Our results suggest that strict disciplinary actions send negative messages to students and their parents about school discipline. We find that as more strict disciplinary actions are administered within a school, students are less likely to perceive discipline as fair or legitimate. The negative effects of disciplinary actions, however, tend to be smaller in schools for which there is a closer racial match between students and teachers and, consequently, a greater likelihood of symbolic representation. We also find that passive representation influences parents' attitudes toward school discipline in their children's schools.

Abstract

Aims
Previous neuroimaging research in alcohol use disorder (AUD) has found altered functional connectivity in the brain's salience, default mode, and central executive (CEN) networks (i.e. the triple network model), though their specific associations with AUD severity and heavy drinking remains unclear. This study utilized resting-state fMRI to examine functional connectivity in these networks and measures of alcohol misuse.


Methods
Seventy-six adult heavy drinkers completed a 7-min resting-state functional MRI scan during visual fixation. Linear regression models tested if connectivity in the three target networks was associated with past 12-month AUD symptoms and number of heavy drinking days in the past 30 days. Exploratory analyses examined correlations between connectivity clusters and impulsivity and psychopathology measures.


Results
Functional connectivity within the CEN network (right and left lateral prefrontal cortex [LPFC] seeds co-activating with 13 and 15 clusters, respectively) was significantly associated with AUD symptoms (right LPFC: β = .337, p-FDR = .016; left LPFC: β = .291, p-FDR = .028) but not heavy drinking (p-FDR > .749). Post-hoc tests revealed six clusters co-activating with the CEN network were associated with AUD symptoms—right middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and left and right cerebellum. Neither the default mode nor the salience network was significantly associated with alcohol variables. Connectivity in the left LPFC was correlated with monetary delay discounting (r = .25, p = .03).


Conclusions
These findings support previous associations between connectivity within the CEN network and AUD severity, providing additional specificity to the relevance of the triple network model to AUD.