Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- A brief history of military expenditure -- Strategic and economic motives for military expenditure -- Economic effect of military expenditure -- 2 Economic models of the military expenditure-growth nexus -- Introduction -- Economic models -- The Feder-Ram model -- Deger-Smith model -- Augmented Solow-Swann growth model -- Endogenous growth model -- New macroeconomic model -- Causality approach -- Brief literature survey -- 3 Military Keynesianism and the military-industrial complex -- Introduction -- Military Keynesianism and its effect -- John Kenneth Galbraith on the military-industrial complex -- Military-industrial complex today -- 4 Marxist crisis theories -- Introduction -- Underconsumption/stagnation theories -- Profit/wage squeeze theories -- Tendency for the rate of profit to fall -- Marx's law of the tendency for the rate of profit to fall -- A brief overview of the debates -- Issues on the measurement of the rate of profit -- Empirical literature -- 5 The effect of military expenditure on profitability in Marxist theories -- Marx and Engels on military expenditure -- Rosa Luxemburg -- Baran and Sweezy, and other underconsumptionists -- The theory of the permanent arms economy -- Debates on the role of milex on the economy -- Sweezy versus Szymanski -- Smith versus Hartley and McLean and Chester -- Gottheil versus Riddell and Cypher -- Dunne and Smith versus Pivetti -- Empirical work on the effect on the profit rate -- Conclusion -- Appendix: A circuit of capital model with a military sector -- Adding aggregate demand -- The effect of military expenditure on the realisation lag.

Abstract
This study addresses the underexplored dimension of the relationship between military expenditures and gender inequality, drawing upon the insights of feminist security and international relations scholars. The influence of militarization on gender inequality is profound, manifesting itself significantly in both conflict and peacetime situations. The destruction of essential infrastructure further restricts women's access to vital resources. In peacetime, the convergence of militarization and patriarchy reinforces women's secondary roles in society, while higher military expenditures can divert resources from social spending, disproportionately affecting women and children reliant on public services. Despite extensive theoretical discussions, empirical studies on this nexus are limited. This paper contributes by presenting original evidence using a comprehensive dataset spanning 1991–2019, examining the Female Labor Income Share across over 100 countries. Findings reveal that militarization correlates with reduced the Female Labor Income Share, underscoring the urgency of addressing this critical linkage between militarization and gender inequality.

The welfare state, labour market and gender in Turkey -- Introduction: gender, society and the welfare state in Turkey / Saniye Dedeoglu and Adem Y. Elveren -- The changing welfare regime of Turkey: neoliberalism, cultural conservationism and social solidarity redefined / Ays̜e Buğra -- Understanding gender equality demands in Turkey: foundations and boundaries of women's movements / Feride Acar and Gülbanu Altunok -- The state of female labour in the impasse of the neoliberal market and the patriarchal family / Gülay Toksöz -- Gender aspects of income distribution and poverty in Turkey / Meltem Daytoğlu and Cem Bașlevent -- Housewifisation of women; contextualising gendered patterns of paid and unpaid workers / Emel Memiș, Umut Öneș, and Burc̦a Kizilimak -- Domestic labour and well-being: a case-study of the Evlatlik Institution in Turkey / Hande Toğrul -- The effects of the welfare reforms on women's status in the EU accession process / Saniye Dedeoglu -- The social security reform and women in Turkey / Mustafa Șahin -- Gender and health sector reform: policies, actions and effects / Tuba İ Ağartan -- Child and elder care providers: women in the informal sector / Helga Rittersberger-Tilic̦ and Sibel Kalaycioğlu -- Women and trade unionism in Turkey: the impact of rthe European Union / Șerife Gözde Yirmibeșoğlu.

Based on Arrighi (1994), we empirically investigate whether financialization and militarization are mutually reinforcing phenomena in the US during the post-WW II period. Military spending during the 1950s and 1960s in the US, along with other external stimuli, such as a rising sales effort and expansion in finance, insurance, and real estate, counteracted the stagnation of the monopolistic stage of capitalism. Monopoly capital was transformed into finance monopoly capital as the intensity of financial capital increased during the late 1970s in response to stagnation. Considering alternative financialization variables commonly used in the literature and the profit rate in the financial sector, and using several parametric and non-parametric methods, we found a significant relationship between financialization and militarization in the US for 1949-2019. The findings show that the decline in the profit rates lead to a decline in military expenditure. The overall results suggest that the rise in financialization is parallel to the decline in the profit rates, leading to larger military expenditure in total, but with relatively smaller share in GDP.

AbstractThis study examines the gender dimension of the brain drain in Turkey, drawing on the results of an online survey to argue that the gender inequality present in sending countries can serve as a push factor in women's decisions to migrate and return or not return. The results indicate that the gender gap in the labor market in Turkey is an important factor in shaping the return intentions of female Turkish professionals and students living abroad. The findings reveal a gender gap in return intentions independent of other main factors, such as age, field of study/occupation, or duration of stay.

This study examines the minimum pension guarantee (MPG), a promise by government or pension fund management that at retirement, a person's annuitized benefit will be above a prespecified minimum level. For the first time, we use an actuarial model to discuss the role of MPG in lessening the gender gaps in pension incomes in the Individual Pension System of Turkey. Our results reveal that women would be more likely than men to receive pension subsidies and would require larger pension subsidies for every combination of investment decision and years of pension participation if MPGs were implemented. Adapted from the source document.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the brain drain from Turkey, with particular focus on its gender dimension. The author presents a review of brain drain literature, as well as analyzing the brain drain from Turkey using original survey data. Presenting an account of state changes in Turkey, and using a range of empirical methods, the book argues that women have a higher tendency not to return to the country due to increasing gender inequality, borne out of a shift towards a more authoritarian regime over the last decade. Brain Drain and Gender Inequality in Turkey will be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including migration studies, social policy, and gender studies.