Suchergebnisse

Yönetişim kavramı günümüzde kamu yönetimi açısından yeni bir dünya gibi görülmekte bunun yanı sıra yerindelik ve katılımcılığın vurgusuyla her derde deva olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hem özel sektör yönetim teknikleri aktarımı, hem yönetim içinde etken ve edilgen olarak nitelenebilecek farklı grupların aynı potada buluşmasını öngören, çözümsel bir model olarak sunulmaktadır. Modern dünyanın en önemli örgüt modeli sayılan Weberyen bürokrasi ve türev modeller, eksik kalan kısımlarıyla eleştirilmektedir. Dönüşüm/devinim/gelişim devam ettikçe yeni modellere ve yönetimsel formülasyonlara ihtiyaç duyulması kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Günümüzde, kamu yönetimi anlamında, Yeni Kamu Yönetimi (YKY) ve Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği gibi modellemeler ve bu hibrit modellerin ortak lokomotif öznesi yönetişim kavramıdır. İdari yapılanma modellerindeki değişim, paydaş sayısını ve idari yapılanmanın temelini oluşturan mevzuatı da dönüştürmüştür. Çalışmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiş olup lüteratür incelemesi tekniği uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada; bazen bir sonuç, bazen de ise yönetsel/örgütsel değişimin önceli olarak ortaya çıkan idare hukuku alanındaki değişimin; idare-yönetim kavramları arasında teknik bir inceleme yapılmaksızın, yönetişim kavramı üzerinden anlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu anlamda, yönetişim kavramı, kavramı önceleyen/temellendiren kavram ve kuramlardan olan klasik bürokrasi anlayışı eleştirisi ile yeni kamu yönetimi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılacaktır. Sonuç olarak; bahse konu kuram ve kavramların yönetimsel teknik değişimleri ile örgütsel yeniden yapılandırmalar sonucu ile, idare hukuku alanının özel hukuk lehine daraldığı aktarılmaya çalışılacaktır.

"Discrimination" is a concept which has been discussed by different sides of the society throughout the history and which still keeps its importance and will do in future, as well. The word "discrimination" originates from the latin word "discriminare" which means "separate" or "divide". The major thing which is emphasized in definitions concerning discrimination is the negative categorization of the individual or the groups in the society, the negative categorization of the individuals with the reasons which are not found reasonable and discourse and actions that are parallel to the reasons. The conceptual analysis means to indicate its compounds and indicators. The compounds of discrimination are "prejudice", "dogma" and "benefit". (i) Prejudice. Prejudice is described as "the negative approach", which are usually known as unbased, discriminative and intolerant, towards a group of people or singular members of the group as a consequence of missing or mistaken judgment. Therefore, prejudice makes up the fundamentals of discrimination. Individuals may tend to adopt discrimination as spiritual concept without considering the prejudice that sometimes they are not aware to obtain or they are never aware. (ii) Dogma. On the other hand, the term "dogma" is described as the thought whose credibility is absolutely accepted without all kinds of examination and criticize. The dogmas that are based on believing without any examination are one of the major compounds of discrimination. Dogma may also result is not using the logic because it cancels the functioning of human mind and so it may make human beings more prone to acceptations. (ii) Benefit. Meanwhile, the term "benefit" is considered negatively in language and so it is not seen in the first common place in interaction of us and this case is often underlined. Because consideration of benefit is invariably evaluated as a negative factor in interactive relations of people. Individuals or group members may tend to make discriminations because they consider their own benefits and moreover they are aware or not aware of it. The major indicators of discrimination is "hate speech", "applications of violence" and "favoritism". (i) Hate speech. Hate speech is the violation of right to life. That's why, we notice that "the hate speech" points to inequality and rejects the concerned individual or the group and insults some parts or groups in the society and feeds the prejudice. The speech of hate which is a major indicator of discrimination may result in the violence by leading to physically, performance of hate crimes which is mainly based on hate speech. (ii) Applications of violence. In descriptions concerning violence over an individual or the society, physical power, brutal force for bad purposes and the harm of people who are exposed to violence and any kind of morally and financially negative factors concerning the physical and spiritual well-being. One of the major reasons of the violence over an individual or a group is the discrimination. Violence which is also expression of the discrimination may result in irrevocable harm in individuals in terms of emotional and social points as well as being considered a "crime" in law. (iii) Favoritism. The term "favoritism" which also refers to "lookout" backing up refers to supporting someone without considering the law and social rules to give priority unjustly in a subject. Favoritism is also classified in four major groups known as "nepotism", "kronizm", "partisanship" and "gender discrimination". For this reason, favoritism threats the individuals, organizations and the society by means of corruption. Therefore, favoritism with is negative effects and so it seems inevitable that favoritism should be prevented by means of legal measures due to its negative effects over individuals, organizations and the society. Despite the negative effects of favoritism over the individual(s), organization(s) and the society, it has almost become an everyday factor and this assumption has gradually enlarged in the society. One of the major indicators of discrimination is favoritism that the individual(s), right(s) are grasped and it is considered one of the most critical reasons for the social corruption. In this respect, favoritism should be regarded as a major concrete evidence discrimination, as well. In other words, favoritism is that discrimination for individual(s) turns out to be a physically visible factor as back-up or support.

İnsanlık tarihi gelişen teknoloji ve olanaklarla birlikte, sürekli bir akış ve değişim süreci içerisinde ilerlemiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu akış ve değişim süreci, toplumlarda rekabete ve değişimlere yol açmıştır. Oluşan yeni yapılarla birlikte ilişkiler artmış ve küreselleşme kavramı literatüre girmiştir. Küreselleşme ortaya çıkan rekabet ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle, dillerin, dinlerin, ırkların, ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal-kültürel süreçlerin birbirleriyle etkileşimi sonucu evirilmiştir.
Bu çalışma, ulusal ve uluslararası alanda küreselleşmenin olumlu ve olumsuz bakış açılarını ele alarak, Türkiye'nin ulusal ve uluslararası alanda küreselleşmeden ne derece etkilendiğini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Küreselleşen dünyada Türkiye'nin küreselleşme boyutlarını özellikle sosyo-kültürel alanda olmak üzere, siyasal ve ekonomik açıdan değerlendirerek, küreselleşmenin Türkiye üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Objectives: We sought to measure the financial burden on the Turkish government from early tooth loss and tooth impaction requiring prosthetics in 6-22-year-olds.Material and Methods: We evaluated 28784 teeth from 1028 patients (379 males and 649 females) between the ages of 6 and 22 and assessed the indications for prosthodontic treatment. As the study age range is not reliable for the presence of third molars, third molars were ignored. We divided the patients into pediatric and young adult groups. the homogeneity of data was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences between the genders and groups were evaluated with Pearson's Chi-squared test and the Mann-Whitney U-test.Results: Missing permanent teeth predominated in the young adult group (1.61) %, while impacted permanent teeth predominated in the pediatric group (0.81 %). Applying these rates to the population as a whole, 1.8 million pediatric and 6.2 million young adult cases of missing teeth may be extant in Turkey.Conclusions: Making dental hygiene information available to all socioeconomic groups would require an initial outlay of expenses, but savings would be realized both from preventing lost work and school time and from avoiding t he need for prosthetic work in millions of Turkish citizens.