Suchergebnisse

This article examines visual and literary representations of violence against women produced during the period. The image of a woman suffering from violence is presented from different points of view in literary art works of the Revolution and Civil War time. It was created and circulated among Red and White camps mainly in accordance with the task of propaganda bodies. Among the object of violence there are allegoric women's figures, symbolising Russia, revolution, freedom, well‐known heroines from literature, historic personages and contemporary women – ordinary victims of civil confrontation and direct participants of the Revolution and war. Men or symbols traditionally personifying masculine origin were nearly always the perpetrators of violence, and the image of the female victim was exploited for the strong emotions it evoked. In most cases physical violence against women was treated as anomaly. But the control of the regime over the woman's emotional sphere had become a standard everywhere.

The article is devoted to student letters "to the authorities" in 1918 – early 1920s, taken as a source for studying the student corporation during the Civil War. The research is limited to the Cossack regions of the Russian South – Don and Kuban, centers of the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. Higher education institutions were founded there shortly before the revolution. As a result of a powerful intellectual migration from Petrograd and Moscow, new universities were founded in 1918–1919. Student letters used in the study were obtained from the archival funds of higher educational institutions, government and administrative bodies of the State Archive of Krasnodar region, the State Archive of Rostov region, and the Professional Education Department Main Collection of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Recipients' and addressee' statuses, time, subject, and motivation for writing are taken as parameters and considered in the analysis of letters. Attention is given to notes, official inscriptions on the documents, as well as accompanying letters, official answers, autobiographies, questionnaires, etc. The content of letters is examined within the context of the higher education space formation, along with migration processes of the revolutionary years, and the situation of civil confrontation in the South of Russia. Later, the authors of some letters became known in various fields; the discovered texts help recreate the milestones of their early biographies, especially since many tried to conceal the fact of their life and schooling on non-Soviet territories. The research reveals specific themes and plots of student letters "to the authorities", their value as an authentic source of information. These themes are admission / transfer to another institution, student mobilization, ways of solving material problems, and the activities of student organizations. The author notes how the contradictions within the anti-Bolshevik camp (clearly pronounced on the Don and Kuban) influenced the content of the texts. This is especially true for collective messages "to the authorities" that defended the interests of particular groups or students as a whole. It is shown that the interpretation of certain events and processes was determined both by the real needs of the authors of the letters and by the current political situation. In general, letters "to authorities" are an important source for reconstructing students' daily life and the vital functions of higher education institutions in extreme conditions.

Поступила в редакцию: 11.06.2020. Принята к печати: 22.01.2021. ; Submitted: 11.06.2020. Accepted: 22.01.2021. ; Увековечивание подвига советского народа в годы Великой Отечественной войны посредством памятников, музейных экспозиций, художественных произведений насчитывает три четверти века. Стратегии увековечивания на различных этапах определялись устанавливаемыми «сверху» интерпретациями событий и явлений, коммеморативными практиками. В статье на основе анализа ситуации в Краснодарском крае реконструируется начальный этап мемориализации войны, механизмы формирования исторической памяти синхронно происходившим событиям. В качестве источников выступают делопроизводственная документация центральных и местных советских и партийных органов, творческих союзов, учреждений культуры, периодическая печать, мемуары, художественные тексты. Основные направления мемориализации войны соответствовали общесоюзным рекомендациям с учетом региональных особенностей. Эта работа в большей степени развернулась после освобождения края в 1943 г. Актуализировались боевые и трудовые подвиги кубанцев. Специально выделялись заслуги казачьих формирований. Информация о фактах коллаборационизма минимизировалась. Сопротивление фашизму в период оккупации Кубани было представлено партизанской темой. «Визитной карточкой» региона выступали оперативно изданные и тиражируемые в стране и за рубежом книги командира партизанского отряда П. К. Игнатова. Подвиги его погибших сыновей, Героев Советского Союза, стали хрестоматийным примером. Формировались мемориальные пространства, система учета военных памятников, картинная галерея героев, художественная летопись войны, основу которой должны были составлять победные сюжеты. Тема текущей войны пополняла репертуар профессиональных и самодеятельных художественных коллективов, экспозиции местных музеев. В календарь праздничных дат включались годовщины освобождения территорий от фашистов. Память о войне отражалась в местной топонимике. ; The perpetuation of the feat of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War through monuments, museum displays, and artistic texts has been going on for three-quarters of a century now. Perpetuation strategies at various stages have been determined by official interpretations of events, processes, and commemorative practices. Referring to the analysis of the situation in Krasnodar Krai, this article reconstructs the initial stage of war commemoration and the mechanisms of historical memory production that were formed synchronously with the events of 1941–1945. The sources for the reconstruction are various documents of central and local Soviet bodies and the Communist party, creative unions, cultural institutions, periodicals, memoirs, and artistic texts. The main directions of the war commemoration were the combination of all-Union recommendations as well as regional peculiarities. The work was developed mainly after the liberation of the region in 1943. Military and labour exploits of the Kuban population were actualised. The merits of the Cossack formations were specially highlighted, while information about the facts of collaboration was minimised. Resistance to fascism during the occupation of Kuban was represented by the partisan theme. The main print source of the partisan movement in the region was the books by P. K. Ignatov, commander of the partisan detachment, that were promptly published and replicated in the USSR and abroad. The exploits of his dead sons, Heroes of the Soviet Union, became a classic example. Memorial spaces, a system for recording military monuments were formed. The artistic chronicle of the war was created as a set of victorious stories. The theme of the ongoing war was added to the repertoire of professional and amateur art groups, as well as exhibitions of local museums. The calendar of holiday dates included anniversaries of the liberation of territories from the Nazis. The memory of the war was reflected in the local toponyms. ; Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения государственного задания Южного филиала ФГБНИУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт культурного и природного наследия имени Д. С. Лихачева» по теме «Монументальная политика как инструмент сохранения культурной памяти», номер государственной регистрации: АААА-А19-119050790070-1. ; This article was prepared as part of the state assignment by the Southern Branch of the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, research topic "Monumental Politics as a Tool for Preserving Cultural Memory", state registration number: АААА-А19-119050790070-1.

The perpetuation of the feat of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War through monuments, museum displays, and artistic texts has been going on for three-quarters of a century now. Perpetuation strategies at various stages have been determined by official interpretations of events, processes, and commemorative practices. Referring to the analysis of the situation in Krasnodar Krai, this article reconstructs the initial stage of war commemoration and the mechanisms of historical memory production that were formed synchronously with the events of 1941–1945. The sources for the reconstruction are various documents of central and local Soviet bodies and the Communist party, creative unions, cultural institutions, periodicals, memoirs, and artistic texts. The main directions of the war commemoration were the combination of all-Union recommendations as well as regional peculiarities. The work was developed mainly after the liberation of the region in 1943. Military and labour exploits of the Kuban population were actualised. The merits of the Cossack formations were specially highlighted, while information about the facts of collaboration was minimised. Resistance to fascism during the occupation of Kuban was represented by the partisan theme. The main print source of the partisan movement in the region was the books by P. K. Ignatov, commander of the partisan detachment, that were promptly published and replicated in the USSR and abroad. The exploits of his dead sons, Heroes of the Soviet Union, became a classic example. Memorial spaces, a system for recording military monuments were formed. The artistic chronicle of the war was created as a set of victorious stories. The theme of the ongoing war was added to the repertoire of professional and amateur art groups, as well as exhibitions of local museums. The calendar of holiday dates included anniversaries of the liberation of territories from the Nazis. The memory of the war was reflected in the local toponyms.