Suchergebnisse

AbstractForced migration as a reaction to National Socialism represents individual as well as simultaneously collective, transnational, and global experiences. Not only identity-forming categories but also forms of knowledge are profoundly reshaped by processes of displacement and resettlement. The paper argues that the biography of the archaeologist Grete Mostny (1914–91) offers an exemplary case study of such processes of adaptation on individual, collective, and academic levels. Due to her escape from Austria to Chile as a persecuted Jew in 1938/39, Mostny's identity as a white European (female) scholar attained a whole new significance and became the door opener for her interdisciplinary career at the interface of archaeology and anthropology in her new homeland. Her research in Chile was a product of a global event—namely mass forced emigration from Europe—as well as of factors on the micro level, such as her European descent and her academic education, which gave her certain privileges in her new environment. When Mostny arrived in Chile in 1939, a new European and U.S. hegemony had already begun to dominate academia in the country, which was trying to modernise itself and move from the academic periphery closer to the centre. Mostny, the once racially persecuted scholar, fit well in this process by making use of her "European" knowledge and her networks. In 1954 she received international attention when she put together a pioneering interdisciplinary research team to study El Niño del Cerro El Plomo, a four-hundred-year-old Inca mummy found in the Andes five thousand metres above sea level. Nationally, Mostny's study contributed, beyond all measure, to the Andean state's identity, as it re-evaluated and enhanced Chile's prehistory. In a time of political and social tensions in Chile, the rediscovery of its Indigenous prehistory—even by a foreign white scholar—helped to overcome the old shadows of colonial historical research, perhaps because in the immediate present the Indigenous movement in Chile offered little potential for consensus. This article uses Mostny's transnational biography as a lens through which to detect these connected histories and entangled hegemonies in the fields of anthropology and archaeology, which have become instrumental in the formation of Chile's national identity. Moreover, the paper shows that the category of race played a central role in the field of knowledge production and career development, not only for Grete Mostny.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I The polysemic function (character) of camps -- Internment practices during the First and Second World Wars -- Austrians in Trinidadian internment during the Second World War -- Rehabilitation through labour -- United Nations versus the Federal Agency -- Can camp life create a common world? -- Part II (Dis)empowering role of humanitarian intervention -- Interventions by non-governmental organisations in state-run internment camps in France -- Reconstructing Lives, Creating Citizens -- Civilian internees, common criminals or dangerous communists? -- Vicious circles of disempowerment -- Enhancing agency and empowerment in refugee camps as total institutions - real or illusory? -- Part III Strategies of coping and resistance -- Undesirable asylum-seekers from National Socialist Germany in France -- Singing and dancing for freedom of movement -- Room(s) for children? -- Part IV Pathways and transitions -- Cycles of incarceration -- Forced to flee and deemed suspect -- Filling the gap -- The life and afterlife of a twentieth-century French camp: Gurs -- Hard time in the Big Easy -- Annex -- Index of Names -- Short Biographies of contributors and editors.

Literaturverz. S. 98

The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945, or "Anschluss", was the darkest chapter in the country's history. The contributions presented in this paper demonstrate that we still feel the aftermath of this horrible period. It was horrible not only because Austria was a victim of Nazi terror, but, moreover, was a perpetrator of it. While invading Austria, poorly prepared German troops were surprised to be received with cheering crowds, much less the overcrowded Heldenplatz during Hitler's speech to the Austrian population on 15 March 1938. Everything was well prepared for the arrival of the German occupiers: already the years before, subsidiaries of the NSDAP were active in Austria, and there were suddenly hundreds of thousands of swastikas and flags available and an extreme and sophisticated system of denunciation. Many Austrians, including doctors, achieved leading positions during the Nazi period. Doctors represented the highest proportion of Austrian academics who were members of the NSDAP (though it is worth noting that many of their Jewish colleagues had already been expelled from the country), and they were heavily implicated in committing ethical misconduct, in particular in the execution of the "euthanasia" T4-programme, where handicapped children and adults were killed. After World War II, many tainted physicians and university professors were reinstated in their former positions and had the opportunity of a post-war career. This was the main reason for the general backlog in research and development in Austria in comparison with most countries of the Western world.