Suchergebnisse

Four post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Romania and Russia) were comparatively analyzed in terms of the relative position and dynamics of different types of territories over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. The author develops methodological ideas about the usage of individual typology to create a socio-economic profile of a territory in order to identify spatial inequality of the countries under study upon socio-demographic, economic and infrastructural indicators. The results of the analysis allowed concluding about dominant trends of socio-economic differentiation between rural, urban and periurban zones. It was found that the intraregional spatial convergence is not an obligatory consequence of the socio-economic development of a country. The transformation processes which accompany the post-socialist transition led to the formation of different models of spatial socio-economic differentiation in each country, i. e. relatively balanced development in Poland, zonal development in Hungary and differentiated development in Romania and European Russia. The author suggests a concept of main stages and directions of the socio-economic differentiation of territories, which helps to systematize statistically-obtained conclusions.

The article presents international, mainly European, typologies of rural areas, focusing on the features and differences in the criteria for identifying 'rural' territories in the European Union. The author explains the reasons for the need for more comprehensive typologies based on the transport accessibility of the territory, trajectories of its transformation, and macro-regional characteristics. The article considers the main methodological difficulties in developing a universal typology of rural areas for all regions of the world and emphasizes differences in the indicators and their threshold values used for typologies and in the levels of administrative-territorial analysis. The author provides references that reflect the methodological foundations of contemporary national typologies and mentions scientific innovations used in such research works. Finally, the article identifies the main common features of the presented typologies, focusing on their methodological limitations.

A large-scale collapse in global financial markets, which has been brewing for many years and which was triggered by the pandemic of the beginning of 2020, generates crisis processes in the world economy. The spread of the coronavirus has led to a significant decline in economic activity around the world. National States are once again forced to urgently develop and implement anti-crisis programs. A wide and financially voluminous range of measures aimed at ensuring both supply and effective demand in national economies is involved. Russia has also introduced large-scale, though relatively modest, measures to support the economy and the population. Based on these realities and based on his research work on the use of anti-crisis financial mechanisms, the author justifies the conclusion that: a) this support is insufficient; b) to ensure the normal reproduction of the population and the resumption of economic growth, it must be increased and activated.

The article is devoted to assessing the reasons and meaning of amendments to the Russian Federation Constitution made by the current political regime. The manner in which the amendments were adopted together with their content demonstrates inability of the state and the political system as a whole to govern and rule in accordance with the principles and norms of democracy and law. The concept of "unworthy governing" is used to characterize the existing mechanism of power and management of society in Russia.

Vladimir Putin has been at the helm of the Russian state since 2000, with much of the post-2008 period in Russia being characterised by poor economic performance. At the same time, many issues concerning regional development and public service provision have gone unaddressed. Yet, despite all these problems—which polls suggest do not go unnoticed by the Russian people—the popularity of the most powerful man in government has not slipped far from all-time highs. This paper suggests an evolutionary psychological explanation for Putin's resilient popularity and examines it through the question of whether the thematic content of Putin's rhetoric matches theoretical expectations stemming from evolutionary psychology. Using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse a corpus of annual addresses by Vladimir Putin, it suggests that the thematic content of Putin's rhetoric is consistent with what a cultural reinterpretation of Hamilton's rule from evolutionary psychology predicts is particularly potent with followers. Specifically, his rhetoric creates bonds of relatedness within a defined group and focuses on benefits affecting members of that group—exactly what a cultural Hamilton's rule view of human social behaviour would suggest. The paper then links this explanation to Putin's approval ratings by looking at how this thematic content varies over time. In doing so, the paper represents a step towards an evolutionary psychological view of leadership appeal in modern political communities.

The manual reveals numerous issues of Russian statehood, based on the continuity and variability of the course of historical development. In the study we proposed, the main features and properties of statehood in the field of culture were revealed, taking into account the conditions and stages of development. We analyzed the main elements of Russian statehood, revealed the degree of continuity of the state structure and form of government in the transition from the imperial state to the Soviet and post-Soviet period. The work contains concrete proposals concerning the historical aspects of the formation of the political system in Russia, proposes ways and directions for the further development of modern Russian statehood.

The manual reveals numerous issues of Russian statehood, based on the continuity and variability of the course of historical development. In the study we proposed, the main features and properties of statehood in the field of culture were revealed, taking into account the conditions and stages of development. We analyzed the main elements of Russian statehood, revealed the degree of continuity of the state structure and form of government in the transition from the imperial state to the Soviet and post-Soviet period. The work contains concrete proposals concerning the historical aspects of the formation of the political system in Russia, proposes ways and directions for the further development of modern Russian statehood.

Relative stabilization of economic situation in a large number of countries is now coupled with the growing concerns about the political events. New US sanctions against Russia contribute to this. In economic sphere QE reduction plans, central bank balance sheet optimization which became excessively large, also create concerns. Growing interest of market participants to the high risk transactions, which is caused by lower volatility and low levels of yield, also raise doubts.

Many challenges that have recently emerged in the world economy still exist. Moreover, new problems have appeared. Now we can see at the same time low economic growth in many countries, rising public debts, overheating of stock markets. The fact that alongside with negative interest rates financial resources are not in demand becomes more obvious. Major international banks meet rising problems again. In this environment government interference to support economic players and different markets is getting more pervasive.

This paper deals with the problem of interaction of banking institutions of Russia and India in the context of processes of financial and economic globalization. The article lights key parameters of modern banking systems of two countries, the major factors and specifics of the Russian–Indian interaction in the bank sphere in 2000–2015. The research is based on methods of the system analysis, logical, comparative, scientific forecasting, etc. The author characterizes the Russian–Indian intergovernmental agreements, arrangements of the leading financial institutions, decisions of the international business forums aimed at the development of interaction in the sphere of banking. The author notes that problems of development of interbank communications are an attention subject for the top management of Russia and India as a part of the policy of strategic partnership with two countries and a course towards the formation of mechanisms of economic cooperation and integration within BRICS. High rates of development of the economy and a banking system of India stimulate the interest of the leading Russian banks in the creation of the Indian branches and financing of joint projects. Presence in Russia of the Indian financial structures (ICICI Bank Eurasia, etc.) promotes the expansion of business contacts and exchange of experience in the area of bank technologies, development of mutual investments into power, the defensive industry, innovative productions. Interbank interaction of Russia and India reflects in such large–scale international financial projects as the BRICS Bank of Development and the Asian Bank of Infrastructural Investments (ABII) which with the participation of the Russian and Indian capitals have acquired the status of influential players of the global financial market and promote the further growth of economic influence of participants of BRICS and SCO. The author comes to a conclusion that interbank interaction of Russia and India is an important component of modern global financial architecture, ...

Introduction of the free-float regime of exchange rate of the Russian ruble coupled with the fall of oil prices led to sizeable ruble depreciation. All oil-exporters devalued their currencies, however the devaluation of the ruble was the most significant. Against the backdrop of remaining instability in the world economy where a lot of financial indicators reach their pre-crisis highs, it makes the global situation highly unstable and the creation of anti-crisis buffers and stabilizing mechanisms extremely relevant for Russia.

The long-held problems of Russian economy (low economic growth, high inflation, etc.) are now coupled with a new set of issues - sanctions deployed against Russia by the leading Western countries. The new situation reinforces the need for alternative mechanisms which will allow to strengthen economic development in the new environment.

The fall of 2013 marked 5 years since Lehman Brothers went broke — the event, which gave rise to the intense phase of the recent financial crisis. The regulators had to use unprecedented measures to support and stabilize their economies. Even today they are forced to do large-scale and long-term, often super-long (for 30—40 years) money creation; they keep interest rates at minimum (often below inflation) and sometimes announce the level of rates in advance. The growth rates, however, remain low, previous problems are not eliminated and new riks become more tangible. Is durable long-term growth possible in such environment?