Suchergebnisse

Sumario: I. Precedentes. A) Interpretaciones de la historia del régimen municipal. B) El municipio moderno. II. El régimen municipal gaditano. A) Antecedentes: la reforma de José I. B) La Constitución de Cádiz y el dirigismo político municipal. III. La consolidación del municipio constitucional.

The final report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), chaired by Dr. Marmot of the United Kingdom, is a remarkable document for what it states, what it silences, what it obscures, what actions it advocates, and what it leaves out. A brief analysis of the Commission´ s statements is presented here. The Report is an important landmark in the history of the social determinants of health and in the trajectory of the WHO, the institution which convened the Commission. For WHO, the report represents an auspicious and welcome change in a regrettable trend; since the 1980's WHO has abandoned the ideology of its founders, i.e. an interventionist commitment to improve the situation of poor individuals and countries. The early WHO was a strange and contradictory – yet creative – combination of Social and Christian democracies, of Third World activism promoted by countries in the midst of independence or liberation struggles, and of Eastern European Marxism. All of this was perfectly in sync with the role that the United Nations and its agencies played during the Cold War. With the two rival blocks constantly at odds, there existed a fertile middle ground on which initiatives could develop which promoted social justice and which, in turn, provided legitimacy to the rival Cold Warriors who profited from them. After the disappearance of "really existing" Socialism, triumphant Western neoliberalism began harassing any country which attempted progressive social measures, a harassment that sometimes involved the use of force. WHO and its sister agencies of the UN became the new acolytes of neoliberalism triumphant. WHO gave up its leading role in the world's collective health, and resignedly limited itself to following policies which were designed and implemented by organizations of a neoliberal bent, such as the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. While the consequences of these policies were not all that clear at the time they were being implemented, their results are clear for all to see: a setback for the concept of health as a social right and a weakening of nation states or communities which prevents them from playing an active role as either service provider or as regulators of the workings of the market. According to neoliberal dogma, the market is the perfect allocator of resources and the ideal arbiter of priorities and policies. Beginning in the unfortunate decade of the 80's, the market, in both general society and in health, weakened labor, increased unemployment , dismantled universal social coverage, lowered salaries, reduced public health expenditures, privatized services, mandated user fees, and decreased supervision of private health care providers and of the pharmaceutical industry. All these initiatives deteriorated the collective physical health. As to mental health, the replacement of more or less predictable individual lives with the uncertainties and unpredictability of unchecked market forces quite clearly deteriorated it. Unfortunately many of these assaults on mental health will never be well recorded since they are largely unquantifiable.

Übersicht über die Entwicklung des Gesundheitswesens und der medizinischen Versorgung in Argentinien. Rückblick auf den Ausbau staatlicher Einrichtungen und die Sicherstellung des Arzneimittelangebots in der Zeit des Peronismo und kritische Bilanz des anschließenden Verfalls der öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienste unter der Militärregierung

El aspecto central del trabajo de investigación se enfoca en el estudio del desarrollo económico de la empresa de Electro Oriente S.A. empresa, que brinda servicio de suministro de energía eléctrica, en la provincia de San Martin, Región San Martin. Los resultados anteriores al desarrollo de la investigación nos condujeron a la presente dar una solución mediante el uso de Tecnologías de información y comunicación. Un problema trascendental en la empresa Electro Oriente S.A. Tarapoto San Martin es el bajo índice de recaudación de la empresa, dicho índice se tiende a incrementar en los resultados de la muestra mediante el uso de las Tecnologías de Información y comunicación haciendo uso del envío de mensajes de texto, lo que contribuye a la mejora de comunicación al cliente de su deuda pendiente. Electro Oriente S.A tiene un sistema de gestión comercial, que abarca en secuencia: La toma de datos manera presencial-visual del valor consumido de energía eléctrica, reflejados en el medidor de los hogares. Se verifica la consistencia del valor consumido de energía eléctrica respecto a sus anteriores meses, con la finalidad de saber el motivo de la variación considerable de su consumo; se elabora un análisis y seguimiento al consumidor. El sistema elabora la facturación y su emisión de recibos que posteriormente se reparten a sus clientes. Para promover e incentivar al pago, la empresa Electro Oriente S. A. informa a 200 clientes mayores su deuda respectiva mediante llamadas telefónicas, pero se limitan a informar a clientes menores, sólo tienen como medio sus recibos. Asimismo, los clientes que tengan un bajo consumo de energía eléctrica existen dos subsidios el primero el Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético que otorga bienes como balones de gas, y el segundo el Fondo de Compensación Social Eléctrica, que no cobra 15 KWH de energía, otorgados por el gobierno del Perú. El modelo econométrico aplicado en la verificación de hipótesis alterna "utilización de las tecnologías de información y comunicación mejorará el desarrollo de la gestión comercial en Electro Oriente S.A. SAN MARTÍN" alcanza un adecuado nivel de bondad de ajuste al 5% de significancia; como resultado se observó que el pago de las facturas correspondientes al consumo de energía eléctrica mensual, son estadísticamente significativos. Y, por último, el desarrollo del estudio nos conllevó a reafirmar la hipótesis central de investigación descritas líneas arriba. El presente estudio es de tipo Aplicada tecnológica- transversal, por que aplica conocimientos de tecnologías mediante el uso de TIC, enviando mensaje de texto como inducción al pago en periodos de estudio. La información se recopiló directamente de fuentes primarias como es la base de datos del sistema de cobranza de un periodo de tiempo establecido por la investigación; como siguiente procesamos la información con el programa informático especializado Econometric Views 7.1. Finalmente se verificó la hipótesis con el T-STUDENT, F-STATISTIC extraídos y procesados por el programa Econometric Views a un nivel de significancia del 5 %, también podemos ver que el sistema aplicado a la provincia de San Martín en nuestro periodo de estudio es de un 93.92 % por la mejora en la recaudación, mientras que el 6.07 % muestra la influencia de variables no incluidas en el modelo. ; The central aspect of the research work focuses on the study of the economic development of the Electro Oriente Company, which provides electricity supply service, in the province of San Martin, San Martin Region. The pre-results to the development of the research led us to present a solution through the use of information and communication technologies. The transcendental problem is the level of collection of Electro Oriente Company Tarapoto, San Martin, tends to increase through the use of Information and Communication Technologies, sending of text messages mainly, which will contribute to the improvement of client communication of his pending debt. Electro Oriente S.A has a commercial management system, which encompasses in sequence: The face-to-face data collection of the consumed electric energy value, reflected in the household meter. The consistency of the consumed value of electrical energy is verified with respect to its previous months, in order to know the reason for the considerable variation of its consumption; an analysis and monitoring of the consumer is made. The system prepares the billing and its issuance of receipts that are then distributed to its customers. To promote and encourage payment, the Electro Oriente S.A. company informs 200 elderly customers of their respective debt through telephone calls, but they limit themselves to informing smaller clients, they only have their receipts as their means. Also, customers with low electricity consumption there are two subsidies the first the Social Energy Inclusion Fund that grants goods such as gas balloons, and the second Social Electric Compensation Fund, which does not charge 15 KWH of energy, granted by the government of Peru. The econometric model applied in the hypothesis verification "use of information and communication technologies will improve the development of commercial management in Electro Oriente Company, SAN MARTÍN "reaches an adequate level of goodness of adjustment at 5% of significance, as a result it was observed that the level of payment of the bills corresponding to the monthly electricity consumption are statistically significant. And finally, the development of the study led us to reaffirm the central research hypothesis described above. The present study is of the Transverse Technological Applied type because it applies knowledge of technologies through the use of ICT, sending text message as induction to pay during periods of study. In results discussion, the dialectical, deductive and synthesis methods were used. The information was collected directly from primary sources such as the database of the collection system for a period of time established by the investigation; as following we process the information with the specialized software Econometric Views 7.1. Finally, the hypothesis was verified with the T-STUDENT, F-STATISTIC extracted and processed by the Econometric Views program at a level of significance of 5%, we can also see that the system applied to the province of San Martín in our study period, it is explained in a 93.92% by the improvement in the collection, while the 6.07% shows the influence of variables not included in the model. ; Tesis ; Apa