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Abstract
Catalan nationalism had always supported Ireland in its struggle for autonomy or independence against the British Empire. The outbreak of the Irish Civil War, nevertheless, surprised Catalanism. This article discusses the difficulties of the main Catalanist political parties in that period—the Lliga Regionalista, Acció Catalana, and Estat Català—to explain the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the Catalanist milieu as well as the difficulties of differentiating dominion and federation and adopting a coherent position according to their own ideology and to Catalan internal political dynamics. Focusing on this study case, the objective of the article is to show the difficulties of stateless national movements to explain their own politics and objectives from external models. And, likewise, how the look toward an external nationalism can stop being useful or even raise unexpected questions within the movement that tries to explain itself by simplifying the contexts of others.

During the 20th century, several outstanding Catalan politicians became famous after being judged in court. Their trial experience was crucial for the later development of their successful careers. Taking full advantage of the political nature of their court cases, all succeeded in presenting themselves as heroes and/or martyrs of the Catalan cause against Spanish governmental oppression. All subsequently became, or already were, presidents of Catalan autonomous rule: Enric Prat de la Riba, Francesc Macià, Lluís Companys and Jordi Pujol. With a comparative approach, the author attempts to show how politicians have used trials as a stage or as a public platform to gain popularity.

The First World War has not attained in Spain the same historiographical interest of other episodes or contests. Yet in the last decade historians have approached the neutrality of Spain providing new insights to better understand not only what the war meant for the Spanish politics and society, but to set its impact onto the belligerent powers' strategy. This article analyses the latest works dedicated to explain the interests, topics and contributions of all this new bibliography that runs parallel to the general historiography of the Great War. ; La Primera Guerra Mundial no ha despertado en España el interés historiográfico que otros episodios o contiendas. Aun así, en la última década algunos historiadores se han acercado a la neutralidad española aportando nuevas visiones para comprender mejor no solo cuanto a lo que el conflicto bélico supuso para la política y sociedad propia, sino para plantear el impacto de esta en la estrategia de las potencias beligerantes. El presente artículo recoge los últimos trabajos aparecidos para explicar los intereses, temáticas y aportaciones de toda esta nueva bibliografía que discurre paralela a la historiografía sobre la Gran Guerra en general.

This paper attempts to explain why, in Barcelona during World War I, Catalan white-collars a part of them radicalised their Catalan nationalism positions and can be considered the cradle of Catalan separatism. In order to accomplish it, the article provides an overview of the origins and social background of Catalan white-collars and their relationship with bourgeois and blue-collar workers. The analysis presents the major pillars of the separatist white-collars and it depicts the profile of the enemies ofthis ideology: Spanish ultra-nationalism. Although references to previous periods are made, the article focuses on the WWI period (1914-1919) when the process took place.

The topic of international cooperation between national movements before the end of World War I (WWI) has still not received sufficient scholarly attention. It is common for national historiographies to concentrate on the case of their own nation. When it comes to international relations, however, connections with neighboring nations and national movements - chief adversaries in the achievement of national goals - are usually prioritized. Nevertheless, even before and especially during the war there was a vibrant scene where non-dominant nationalities could practice international diplomacy, conduct discussions, share experiences, build coalitions, and so on. This article explores one of such examples of international relations conducted between the representatives of two nations - the Catalans and the Lithuanians. They came in contact before the war at the Paris-basedUnion des Nationalités(the Union of Nationalities), an organization that was designed to unite and support non-dominant national movements. Despite being located on the opposite sides of Europe and having no apparent direct connections, the Lithuanians and the Catalans established common ground for cooperation, which especially peaked during WWI.