Suchergebnisse

This article focuses on the different moments and characteristics of Cuban social policy since the economic reforms of the 1990s until today to try to evaluate the inequalities and the perspectives of trying to enforce strategies that promote equity. Special attention is paid to the so-called universal focused or directed policies" with an aim to close the gaps between classes, gender, and race. (Cuba Stud/GIGA)

This article shows a synthetic point of view about the general characteristics of the labour and social political model, applied in the Cuban socialist transition. It evalua-tes the achievements (wide social inclusion, high occupation, low unemployment), as well as, the weakness related with the above mentioned model, mainly the salary low capacities to satisfies the worker basic necessities. The current economical reform and their potential to overcome this problem are described. ; El artículo ofrece un panorama sintético de las características generales del modelo de política social y laboral puesto en práctica en la transición socialista cubana y valora sus logros (amplia inclusión social, altas tasas de ocupación, bajo desempleo), así como, sus debilidades, principalmente las vinculadas a la baja capacidad de los ingresos salariales de los trabajadores para satisfacer las necesidades básicas. Describe la actual etapa de reforma económica y su potencial esperado con el fin de superar o no, estos problemas.

O texto apresenta uma síntese do debate internacional sobre a pertinência de um Estado com forte perfil de intervenção centralizada sobre políticas sociais universais ou a necessidade de transitar-se para fórmulas descentralizadoras, orientadas para a proteção seletiva dos desfavorecidos. Argumenta em favor de uma re-hierarquização da "questão social" através de um modelo de gestão social relacional. Nesse contexto, avalia os ganhos e limitações da política social de transição socialista, em Cuba, assim como os efeitos da crise e reforma dos anos 90 sobre a sociedade cubana, no incremento da desigualdade e da pobreza, gerando uma reestratificação e maior complexidade social. Conclui que tal cenário exige mudanças na intervenção pública, orientadas para: a sustentabilidade econômica da política social; a substituição da concepção igualitarista por uma perspectiva que reconheça a diversidade das necessidades, segundo grupos e indivíduos diferentes; a modificação das prioridades estratégicas do gasto social em favor das satisfações na esfera doméstica-individual-familiar; a ênfase no desenvolvimento local endógeno e nos atores locais na tomada de decisões; e a ampliação dos conteúdos e limites da participação na construção da agenda social, priorizando elementos de co-gestão, formulação estratégica e controle popular do processo e de seus resultados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: política social, gestão do desenvolvimento social, gestão relacional, reestratificação social, Cuba. RECOVERING THE "SOCIAL ISSUE." THE METHODOLOGICAL THEORETICAL CONTEXT OF THE DEBATE AND THE CUBAN EXPERIENCE Mayra Paula Espina Prieto The text presents a synthesis of the international debate on the pertinence of a State with a strong intervention profile centralized on universal social policies or the need of flowing to decentralizing formulas, aimed at the selective protection of the underprivileged. It argues for a rehierarchization of the "social issue" through a relational model of social management. In this context, it evaluates the gains and limitations of the social policies of socialist transition, in Cuba, as well as the effects of the crisis and reform of the nineties on the Cuban society, in the increment of the inequality and of the poverty, generating a reestratification and a larger social complexity. It concludes that such scenario demands changes in public intervention, aimed at: the economical sustainability of the social policy; the substitution of the egalitarian conception for a perspective that recognizes the diversity of needs, according to different groups and individuals; the modification of the strategic priorities of the social expense in favor of the satisfactions in the household-individual- family sphere; the emphasis in the endogenous local development and in the local actors in decision making; and the enlargement of the contents and limits of the participation in the constructionof the social agenda, prioritizing comanagement elements, strategic formulation and popular control of the process and of its results. KEYWORDS: social policies, management of the social development, relational management, social reestratification, Cuba. LA RÉCUPÉRATION DE LA "QUESTION SOCIALE". LE CONTEXTE THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE DU DÉBAT ET L'EXPÉRIENCE CUBAINE Mayra Paula Espina Prieto Le texte présente une synthèse du débat international à propos de la pertinence d'un Etat dont le profil d'intervention centralisée sur les politiques sociales universelles est accentué ou du besoin de passer à des formules décentralisatrices tournées vers la protection sélective des personnes démunies. L'argumentation se fait au profit d'une re-hiérarchisation de la "question sociale" par le biais d'un modèle de gestion sociale relationnelle. Dans ce contexte, ce sont les avantages et les limitations de la politique sociale de transition socialiste à Cuba qui sont évalués ainsi que les effets de la crise et de la réforme des années 90 sur la société cubaine qui, en augmentant l'inégalité et la pauvreté, ont engendré une re stratification et une plus grande complexité sociale. On en conclut qu'une telle situation exige que l'intervention publique se doit de changer et d'être orientée vers: la durabilité économique de la politique sociale; la substitution de la conception égalitariste par une perspective qui tienne compte de la diversité des besoins en fonction de groupes et d'individus différents; la modification des priorités stratégiques de la dette sociale au profit de satisfactions privées, individuelles et familiales; l'accent mis sur le développement local endogène et sur les acteurs locaux pour les prises de décisions; ainsi que l'augmentation des contenus et des limites de la participation au sein de la construction du calendrier social, donnant la priorité aux éléments de cogestion, à la formulation stratégique et au contrôle populaire du processus et de ses résultats. MOTS-CLÉS: politique sociale, gestion du développement social, gestion relationnelle, re-stratification sociale, Cuba. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Prieto looks at Cuba's economic reform as an "experiment in socioeconomic change." Considered are Cuba's tradition of participation-oriented social structural analysis, its place in the context of global economic transformation, & the potential of social restructuring. The ongoing influence of Soviet thinking is noted. Ways in which socialism has adapted & continues to adapt to issues of property, class, socioeconomic differentiation, & private production are considered. It is asserted that Cuba reflects Latin American culture & economics. A list of pertinent factors includes the rising power of landowners, cuts in wages, production decline, sexual segregation, & the increased significance of small & medium-sized firms. There is assessment of reform & social/structural change as well as an outline of trends including new class formations, divisions among workers, reordering of agricultural production, & promotion of professional diversification. 18 References. M. C. Leary