Suchergebnisse

This article provides an overview of cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between mid-January 2018 and mid-July 2018.

Abstract. The Val d'Agri area (southern Italy) hosts one of the biggest onshore European reservoir and the largest oil/gas pre-treatment plant, named Centro Olio Val d'Agri (COVA), located in a rural/anthropized context. Several hazards are associated with this plant. These are mainly represented by possible impacts of the COVA atmospheric emissions on the local air quality and human health. This work uses a novel approach based on the integration of air quality measurements from the regional monitoring network, additional experimental measurements (i.e. sub-micrometre particulate matter (PM1) and black carbon (BC)) and advanced statistical analyses to provide a preliminary evaluation of the Val d'Agri air quality state and give some indication of specific areas potentially affected by COVA hazards. Results show that the COVA plant emissions have a particular impact on the air quality of the area closest to it. In this area several pollutants specifically related to the COVA combustion processes (i.e. nitrogen oxides, benzene and toluene) show the highest concentration values and significant correlations. The proposed approach represents a first step in the assessment of the risks associated with oil/gas exploration and pre-treatment activities and a starting point for the development of effective and exportable air quality monitoring strategies.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem and a human rights violation that affects the lives of many women around the world. Victims of abuse report a multitude of adverse outcomes, in the biological, psychological and social domains of their life. Despite extensive research on the effectiveness of support groups, self-help is a methodology little explored in its potential effects in IPV cases. This paper analyzes a self-help experience developed within an anti-violence service of the Municipality of Rome. A collaborative study was carried out to assess the impacts of self-help in terms of participants' quality of life. We adopted the notion of quality of life as formulated by Nussbaum, further defined through her list of ten human capabilities. Participants' narratives were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results showed a significant impact of the group in terms of women's quality of life. Affiliation was highlighted as a central capability, through which the development of the others passes, especially practical reason and emotions. Political control over ones' environment was another crucial capability, manifested in the desire to help other survivors and to engage in activities of advocacy. The self-help group appeared to work as a catalyst of for the development of individual capabilities at least minimally existing, in the presence of where external conditions allow it. Implications in terms of directions for the implementation of antiviolence programs and policies are discussed

Los procesos penales relacionados con la evaluación del comportamiento en casos de abuso sexual que afectan a menores incluyen, entre sus etapas más delicadas, la recopilación de las declaraciones de la joven víctima, especialmente si ésta tiene pocos años. La recopilación del testimonio de un menor debe seguir reglas y procedimientos cuyo objetivo principal es salvaguardarle. Hasta ahora, el sistema de la justicia penal italiana no proporciona un sistema orgánico para la protección de la víctima joven; por parte del legislador, faltan reglas y regulaciones específicas para el testimonio del menor. Según el artículo 196, párrafos 1 y 2 del Código de Procedimiento Penal italiano, "toda persona es competente para testificar", pero "para evaluar la declaración del testigo, el juez puede ordenar verificaciones apropiadas utilizando todos los medios legales, incluso ex oficio". Más efectivamente, el artículo 10 de la Carta de Noto recomienda, para niños menores de 12 años y demás casos excepcionales, "que siempre se realice una valoración para verificar la aptitud de la víctima para testificar sobre los asuntos", a menos que el juez pueda evaluar la fiabilidad del testimonio. Por lo tanto, ¿es posible que el juez establezca la veracidad del testimonio del menor aparte del consejo técnico de un experto, es decir, sin hacer una evaluación psicológica del niño primero? La orientación jurisprudencial prevaleciente en los últimos años confirma la prevalencia del llamado principio de la evaluación global, según el cual "en materia de delitos sexuales contra niños pequeños, es ilegal, por violación del principio de la formación de pruebas en contradictorio, la negativa del juez a organizar un examen psicológico, a fin de determinar la adherencia a la realidad o no de la narración de los hechos, dependiendo de posibles elaboraciones imaginarias de la edad o de la estructura personológica del menor". ; Criminal proceedings concerning the assessment of sexual abusive behaviour affecting minors includes, among its most delicate stages, the collection of the young victim's statements, especially if the victims are in their earliest years. The collection of a minor's testimony must follow rules and procedures whose main goal is to safeguard the minor. Up to now, Italian Criminal Justice System does not provide an organic system for the young victim's protection; on the part of the legislator, there is a lack of specific rules and regolations for the minor's testimony. According to Article 196, paragraph 1 and 2 of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedures, "every person is competent to testify", but "in order to evaluate the witness' statement, the judge can order appropriate verifications using all lawful means, even ex oficio". More effectively, Article 10 of the Carta of Noto recommend, for children under 12 and apart from exceptional cases, "that a valuation must always occur in order to verify the victim's fitness to testify about the matters", unless the judge can evaluate the reliability of the testimony. Therefore, is it possible for the judge to establish the truthfulness of the minor's testimony apart from a technical advice of an expert, that is without making a psychological evaluation of the child first? The prevailing jurisprudential orientation in recent years confirms the prevalence of the so-called principle of the all-encompassing evaluation, whereby "on the subject of sexual offenses against young children, it is illegal, for violation of the principle of the formation of evidence in contradictory, the refusal of judge to arrange a psychological examination, in order to ascertain the adherence to the reality or not of the narration of the facts, depending on possible fanciful elaborations of the age or of the personological structure of the minor". ; Nei procedimenti penali aventi ad oggetto l'accertamento della condotta di abuso sessuale a danno di minore, fra le fasi più delicate, vi è quella inerente l'acquisizione delle dichiarazioni della giovane vittima specie se in tenera età. E' pacifico che l'assunzione della testimonianza di un minore, perché tale, deve avvenire con criteri e modalità che abbiano quale obiettivo principale, quello della tutela del minore stesso. Il sistema penale italiano a tutt'oggi rileva l'assenza di un organico sistema di protezione del minore vittima di abusi; manca una specifica disciplina da parte del legislatore, della testimonianza del soggetto minore di età. Secondo quanto disposto dall'art. 196, comma 1 e 2 c.p.p. "Ogni persona ha la capacità di testimoniare" tuttavia "qualora, al fine di valutare le dichiarazioni del testimone, sia necessario verificarne l'idoneità fisica o mentale a rendere testimonianza, il giudice anche di ufficio può ordinare gli accertamenti opportuni con i mezzi consentiti dalla legge". Più efficacemente la Carta di Noto all'art. 10 raccomanda per i minori di anni dodici e salvo casi eccezionali "che sia sempre disposta perizia al fine di verificarne la idoneità a testimoniare sui fatti oggetto d'indagine", salvo al giudice valutare l'attendibilità della testimonianza resa. E' possibile allora per il decidente, accertare la veridicità della condotta abusante dal racconto del minore, prescindendo dall'ausilio del parere tecnico di un perito, ovvero senza aver prima disposto una perizia psicologica sul bambino? L'orientamento giurisprudenziale prevalente negli ultimi anni, conferma il prevalere del principio cosiddetto della valutazione onnicomprensiva, per cui "in tema di reati sessuali su minori in tenera età, è illegittimo, per violazione del principio della formazione della prova in contraddittorio, il rifiuto dei giudice di disporre una perizia psicologica, al fine di accertare l'aderenza alla realtà o meno della narrazione dei fatti, in dipendenza di eventuali elaborazioni fantasiose proprie dell'età o della struttura personologica del minore". ; peerReviewed

Open Science is encouraged by the European Union and many other political and scientific institutions. However, scientific practice is proving slow to change. We propose, as early career researchers, that it is our task to change scientific research into open scientific research and commit to Open Science principles.

Open Science is encouraged by the European Union and many other political and scientific institutions. However, scientific practice is proving slow to change. We propose, as early career researchers, that it is our task to change scientific research into open scientific research and commit to Open Science principles.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 50,000 unique associations with common human traits. While this represents a substantial step forward, establishing the biology underlying these associations has proven extremely difficult. Even determining which cell types and which particular gene(s) are relevant continues to be a challenge. Here, we conduct a cell-specific pathway analysis of the latest GWAS in multiple sclerosis (MS), which had analyzed a total of 47,351 cases and 68,284 healthy controls and found more than 200 non-MHC genome-wide associations. Our analysis identifies pan immune cell as well as cell-specific susceptibility genes in T cells, B cells and monocytes. Finally, genotype-level data from 2,370 patients and 412 controls is used to compute intra-individual and cell-specific susceptibility pathways that offer a biological interpretation of the individual genetic risk to MS. This approach could be adopted in any other complex trait for which genome-wide data is available. ; This investigation was supported in part by the following sources: NIH/NINDS awards R01NS088155 and 1R01NS099240, the Valhalla Charitable Foundation, and the Heidrich Family and Friends Foundation (Sergio E. Baranzini). US National Multiple Sclerosis Society (TA 3056-A-2), the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center and an Intel Parallel Computing Center award (Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos). Swedish Medical Research Council; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, AFA insurance, Swedish Brain Foundation, the Swedish Association for Persons with Neurological Disabilities. Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UK Medical Research Council (G1100125) and the UK MS society (861/07). NIH/NINDS: R01 NS049477, NIH/NIAID: R01 AI059829, NIH/NIEHS: R01 ES0495103. Research Council of Norway grant 196776 and 240102. NINDS/NIH R01NS088155. Oslo MS association. Research Council KU Leuven, Research Foundation Flanders. AFM, AFM-Généthon, CIC, ARSEP, ANR-10-INBS-01 and ANR-10-IAIHU-06. Research Council KU Leuven, Research Foundation Flanders. Inserm ATIP-Avenir Fellowship and Connect-Talents Award. German Ministry for Education and Research, German Competence Network MS (BMBF KKNMS). Oslo MS association, Research Council of Norway grant 196776 and 240102. Dutch MS Research Foundation. TwinsUK is funded by the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, European Union, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-funded BioResource, Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. German Ministry for Education and Research, German Competence Network MS (BMBF KKNMS). Italian Foundation of Multiple Sclerosis (FISM). NMSS (RG 4680A1/1). German Ministry for Education and Research, German Competence Network MS (BMBF KKNMS). Lundbeck Foundation and Benzon Foundation. ; updatedVersion