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This paper reflects on the use of life-stories as a way to get a better understanding of the multiple identity constructions of Female Entrepreneurs of Moroccan and Turkish Origin. Since life-stories are co-constructions of the researcher and researched, the paper argues that the relationship between these two parties and their different social locations should be explicated in the analysis and writing of the material, as these might reproduce certain power structures. Accounting for such social implications requires a thorough analysis of partiality, issues of inequality, as well as emotions that may direct researchers' interpretations.

In this paper we use insights from postcolonial feminism to explore the identity narratives of threeMuslim businesswomen ofTurkish descent in theNetherlands. We identify some of the ways in which contemporary political discourse in theNetherlands constructsMuslim 'Others' and discuss how this discursive positioning impacts on the multiple identities these women create for themselves in response. Postcolonial feminism challenges the discursive and material relations of both patriarchy and Eurocentric feminisms, which work together to obscure the rich diversity of women's lived experiences, their agency and identities. By exploring howOthering impacts on these women's multiple identities, we aim to enrich understandings of women's migrant entrepreneurship. These identity narratives, shared by women who each describe quite different ways of experiencing, interpreting and responding to marginalization, shed light on theWest's relationship to theOther and reveal some of the underlying relations of power that shape identity.

This article discusses how female entrepreneurs of Moroccan and Turkish origin in the Netherlands construct their ethnic, gender and entrepreneurial identities in relation to their Muslim identity. We contribute to theory development on the interrelationship of work identities with gender, ethnicity and religion through an intersectional analysis of these women's gender and ethnic identities within their entrepreneurial contexts and in relation to their Muslim identity. We draw on four narratives to illustrate how the women interviewed perform creative boundary work at these hitherto under-researched intersections. Islam is employed as a boundary to let religious norms and values prevail over cultural ones and to make space for individualism, honour and entrepreneurship. Moreover, different individual religious identities are crafted to stretch the boundaries of what is allowed for female entrepreneurs in order to resist traditional, dogmatic interpretations of Islam. Our study contributes to studies on entrepreneurship by showing how these female entrepreneurs gain agency at the crossroads of gender, ethnicity and religion.

AbstractThis study explores the impact of the underlying assumptions in the regulatory environments of two national contexts, Turkey and the Netherlands, on the entrepreneurship of Turkish women. It uses discourses on gender, ethnicity and entrepreneurship. The results indicate that these regulatory environments are immersed with male gendering ideology and give a secondary position to women and migrant entrepreneurs. Accordingly, women and migrant entrepreneurs are confined by the support provided to them by both governmental and non‐governmental organizations. Turkish women entrepreneurs are restricted in networking; access to institutions; and funding by the programmes, initiatives or regulations that their enterprises receive support from. This study contributes to existing literature on migrant and women entrepreneurship by discursively analysing underlying assumptions regarding these groups in two different national contexts.

Purpose
Understanding belonging provides a better insight into the structural, political, cultural and gendered elements of entrepreneurship. This paper aims to focus on Mexican female entrepreneurs' (MFE) experiences in managing material and affective aspects of entrepreneurial belonging during the start-up and transition phase to become an established business owner.


Design/methodology/approach
The narrative analysis is based on qualitative interview data with 11 MFE in Mexico.


Findings
The analysis reveals that MFEs' sense of belonging evolves from self-oriented to more socially-oriented identity claims. In the former, the need to "fit in" and achieve material aspects of belonging is intertwined with gender and family responsibilities. In the latter, the need to "stand out" and achieve affective aspects of belonging is intertwined with validating entrepreneurial achievements by challenging gendered assumptions and helping others through the notion of "sisterhood."


Originality/value
The paper extends the understanding of the relation of material and affective aspects of belonging as an "evolving" process from the nascent stage to the established stage of entrepreneurship. Within the evolving process of entrepreneurial belonging, a shift from material to affective aspects unveils a theoretical framework that relates belonging, gender and entrepreneurship in context. This process seems to regulate entrepreneur's agency in what they interpret as acceptable while standing up against challenges and legitimizing belonging through the emergence of a "sisterhood."

This article contributes to the literature on identity work and small business studies, by identifying various forms of identity work of female business owners of Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands, in relation to two sets of identity regulations stemming from their families, regarding the norms of 'being a good woman' and 'dealing with family support'. Identity work refers to the way subjects form, maintain, strengthen or revise constructions of self in relation to the claims and demands issued on them. Our analysis, which is based on McAdams's life-narrative approach, demonstrates in detail how social actors perform identity work in continuous interplay with their family environment when powerful, multiple, and even contradictory normative demands are made on those identities. We have demonstrated how these migrant female business owners use various cultural repertoires to negotiate and manipulate the family norms and values in order to seek and hold their position in the public domain effectively. Our research has revealed a variety of identity work manifestations, all strategically maneuvering between conflict and compliance.

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated the importance of entrepreneurship for migrants' integration. Nonetheless, the impact of entrepreneurship on refugees' inclusion and sense of belonging has been largely overlooked. This article explores how entrepreneurship contributes to the inclusion of Iranian refugee entrepreneurs, considering the different aspects of a refugee's identity components such as ethnicity, age, class, gender, and religion. The life stories of 14 Iranian refugee entrepreneurs, who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1980s and 1990s are analysed. We illustrate how different dimensions of their identity shape entrepreneurial motivations, resources, and entrepreneurial strategies. The results show that intersecting identity components impact Iranian refugee entrepreneurs' sense of belonging. Notwithstanding the diverse ways in which individuals experience belonging, our study identifies three particular modes of belonging: hybrid, cosmopolitan, and transnational belonging. Drawing on interviews with individual refugee entrepreneurs, we conclude that entrepreneurship is a vehicle for greater acceptance and inclusion within the host society. Our study points to an urgent need to go beyond the integration paradigm by applying the concept of inclusion. The notion of inclusion enables us to gain a deeper understanding of refugees' position in the labour market and the receiving society more broadly.

It has been suggested that entrepreneurship is a form of emancipation and social change for women. We adopt a more comprehensive view by considering micro‐emancipation at the level of both agency and identity of women entrepreneurs in patriarchal and Islamic societies. We borrow from organization studies literature to draw on the notions of the dynamic and ongoing process between dominators (i.e., men of the patriarchal family) and the dominated (i.e., women entrepreneurs). In this process micro‐emancipation and active obedience are intertwined. For this purpose, we contextualize the study in the United Arab Emirates, where men of the family regulate women's agency and identity. The men of the family are not only the gatekeepers of societal culture, but also the potential supporters for women to navigate the societal arrangements. By adopting an interpretive approach, we analyse the narratives of Emirati female entrepreneurs in their early stages of becoming an entrepreneur who engage in strategic (dis)obedience. The article contributes to the literature on micro‐emancipation in the context of gender and entrepreneurship.

Critical entrepreneurship studies : a manifesto / Caroline Essers, Pascal Dey, Deirdre Tedmanson and Karen Verduyn -- Contesting neo-liberal aspects of traditional entrepreneurship approaches -- Social entrepreneurs : precious and precarious / Karin Berglund -- Social enterprise and the everydayness of precarious indigenous cambodian villagers : challenging ethnocentric epistemologies / Isaac Lyne -- Reasons to be fearful : the "google model of production", entrepreneurship, corporate power, and the concentration of dispersed knowledge / Gerard Hanlon -- Locating new forms of indigenous and community-based entrepreneurship -- Emerging entrepreneurship in South America / Miguel Imas -- Challenging leadership in discourses of indigenous entrepreneurship in Australia / Deirdre Tedmanson and Michelle Evans -- Feeding the city : the importance of the informal warung restaurants for the urban economy in Indonesia / Peter de Boer and Lothar Smith -- Critiquing the archetype of the White, Christian entrepreneur -- Injecting reality into the migrant entrepreneurship agenda / Monder Ram, Trevor Jones and Maria Villares -- Bringing strategy back : ethnic minority entrepreneurs' construction of legitimacy by "fitting in" and "standing out" in the creative industries / Annelies Thoelen and Patrizia Zanoni -- A critical reflection on female migrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands / Karen Verduyn and Caroline Essers -- Challenging the gendered sub-text in entrepreneurship -- Critically evaluating contemporary entrepreneurship from a feminist perspective / Susan Marlow and Haya Al-Dajani -- On entrepreneurship and empowerment : postcolonial feminist interventions / Banu Ozkazanc-Pan -- Bridging the gap between resistance and power through agency : an empirical analysis of struggle by immigrant woman entrepreneurs / Huriye Aygören -- Deconstructing entrepreneurship -- Governance of welfare and expropriation of the common : Polish tales of entrepreneurship / Dorota Marsh and Pete Thomas -- Deconstructing ecopreneurship / Annika Skoglund -- Index

The implementation of sustainability-oriented practices in small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been discussed frequently over the years. Recent studies on sustainability have focused mainly on links between ecological and economic sustainability. This exploratory study aims to explore institutional barriers and facilitators regarding the implementation of sustainability-oriented practices in the Indonesian batik industry and to provide policy recommendations. The Indonesian batik industry is well-known for its cultural heritage and for being part of the Indonesian identity. Batik products are mostly hand-crafted by women crafters. The study used in-depth insights from two focus groups conducted with entrepreneurs active in the batik industry, while also building on earlier empirical insights. The lack of customer knowledge and socio-cultural and regulatory factors were found to be barriers to sustainability in batik SMEs. Ecological, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors were found to facilitate achieving sustainability objectives. This study contributes to the sustainable entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship literature by considering facilitators and barriers as they are experienced by batik entrepreneurs and by furthering the conceptualization of sustainable entrepreneurs as either "committed" or "followers". ; This article was funded by the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) from the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia (grant number: 20140622100990).

Entrepreneurship research in the context of developing countries has typically investigated the ways in which culture, politics or economic institutions prohibit or enable entrepreneurial activities using macro-level surveys and deductive designs. In contrast, the purpose of this paper is to take a micro-institutional perspective to study these three institutions influencing entrepreneurial activities in such a context. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on inductive, qualitative field data from a challenging institutional environment, Tanzania. This includes two focus groups, one with experts and one with entrepreneurs; and 24 individual interviews with entrepreneurs. Findings: Entrepreneurial activities in Tanzania are not constrained only by bureaucracy and arbitrary enforcement, access to capital, competition and consumer spending, but also by language barriers, negative media portrayals and gender disparity. In their favour, recent trade policy, opening up of borders and changing gender relations, has led to more opportunities, but just as important are traditional festivals, marital gift-giving and familial support. Entrepreneurs respond to institutional constraints in many creative ways, including undertaking entrepreneurial strategies, developing inner strength, joining associations, giving back to communities and skilfully managing relations with authorities. Originality/value: The fine-grained discussion of the findings of this study specifically contributes to theory by illustrating the constraining and enabling role of under-represented institutions, such as festivals and marriages, as well as entrepreneurial creative responses that define everyday entrepreneurial life in a developing country.