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Alpine open spaces are becoming noticeably scarcer. In the Alps, this applies to the inherently limited area of permanent settlement, which in the case of Tyrol covers only 11.8%. The population is growing in many of the valleys and with it the infrastructure it requires. However, the open spaces at higher altitudes are also being successively fragmented and equipped with infrastructure (e.g. cable cars, hydro-electric plants) or subjected to increasingly intensive use (e.g. with electric mountain bikes). The preservation of open spaces in the Alps began in Bavaria as early as 1972 with the implementation of the Alpine Plan, which established spatial planning objec-tives. The Alpine Plan divided Bavaria's Alpine region into three zones of varying traffic intensity, a true legislative innovation. Zone C was intended for nature conservation, which was still in its infancy at that time, and also aimed to reduce natural Alpine hazards. Primarily, however, this planning initiative was related to the role of the landscape as a setting for recreation in open spaces, i.e. leisure and tourism activities in natural surroundings. Today, there are similar, more or less successful initiatives in all of the German-speaking Alpine states and Switzerland. This publication aims to analyse, compare and describe these initiatives and to critically assess how they are formulated, how they work, and how they are implemented by planners. As the preservation of open spaces is a transnational issue, especially in the Alps, which are intersected by many political borders, we also address the framework provisions of the internationally binding Alpine Convention of 1991 and examine the new EU initiative EUSALP and its potential impact. The focus here, however, is on bringing together approaches for preserving open space for people (local inhabitants and their traditional economic activities, but also visitors) and their natural heritage. We present and critically evaluate present-day spatial planning practices related to Alpine open spaces in the German-speaking Alpine region and in Switzerland, and discuss future options for harmonising approaches across borders.

Alpine Freiräume werden zusehends knapper. Diese Aussage gilt in den Alpen für den naturgemäß raren Dauersiedlungsraum, der z. B. in Tirol nur 11,8 % des Staatsgebietes umfasst. Die Bevölkerung wächst in vielen Talschaften und damit auch die erforderliche Infrastruktur. Aber auch die Freiräume, die in den darüber gelegenen Höhenstufen der Alpen liegen, werden sukzessiv zerschnitten und mit technischen Anlagen (z. B. Seilbahnen, hydroelektrischen Anlagen) bzw. immer intensiveren Nutzungen (z. B. EMountainbikes) erschlossen. Im Freistaat Bayern begann die alpenweite Erhaltung von Freiräumen mit der Implementierung des Alpenplans als raumordnerische Zielsetzung bereits im Jahr 1972. Die dadurch betriebene Zonierung des gesamten bayerischen Alpenraums nach drei Intensitätsstufen der verkehrlichen Nutzung war eine echte Innovation des Normgebers. Sie zielte mit ihrer sogenannten Zone C auf den damals noch jungen Naturschutz und die Verringerung alpiner Naturgefahren ab. In der Hauptsache jedoch galt diese planerische Initiative der nicht anlagengebundenen, landschaftsbezogenen Erholung, das heißt Freizeit- und Tourismusaktivitäten in der Natur. Heute bestehen mehr oder weniger erfolgreiche, verwandte Initiativen in allen deutschsprachigen Alpenstaaten und der Schweiz. Sie zu analysieren, ihre Festlegung, Funktionsweise und planerische Umsetzung vergleichend zu beschreiben sowie kritisch zu hinterfragen ist die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit. Weil der Erhalt von Freiräumen ein transnationales Thema darstellt, gerade in den vielfach von politischen Grenzen durchzogenen Alpen, wird dabei auch auf die rahmensetzenden Vorgaben der völkerrechtlich verbindlichen Alpenkonvention aus dem Jahr 1991 abgehoben und die neue EU-Initiative EUSALP sowie deren potenzielle Auswirkungen erörtert. Im Fokus steht aber die Zusammenführung von Ansätzen zum Erhalt von Freiräumen für den Menschen (Einheimische und ihre traditionellen Wirtschaftsweisen, aber auch Besucher) und das Naturerbe. Die heute gängigen Praktiken im Umgang mit alpinen Freiräumen in Raumordnung und räumlicher Planung im deutschsprachigen Alpenraum und der Schweiz werden aufgezeigt sowie kritisch bewertet. Zudem werden künftige Möglichkeiten von grenzüberschreitenden harmonisierten Verfahrensweisen debattiert. ; The analysis, evaluation and safeguarding of Alpine open spaces through regional and spatial planning Alpine open spaces are becoming noticeably scarcer. This statement applies to the inherently restricted area of permanent settlement in the Alps, which, e. g., covers only 11.8 % of the territory of the Tyrol. The population is growing in many of the valleys and with it the infrastructure required. However, the open spaces, situated at altitudes above the settlements, are also being successively broken up and exploited using technical equipment (e. g. cable cars, hydro-electric facilities) or increasingly intensive types of use (e. g. e-mountain bikes). In Bavaria the conservation of open space began as early as 1972 with the implementation of the Alpine plan (Alpenplan), which set spatial planning objectives for the entire Alpine area. This led to the division of the Bavarian Alpine area into three zones of varying intensity of traffic use, a true legislative innovation. The so-called Zone C was intended for nature protection, still in its infancy at that time, and also aimed to reduce natural Alpine hazards. Primarily, however, this planning initiative was related to the role of the landscape for recreation, i. e. to leisure and touristic activities in natural surroundings. Today, there are similar initiatives of varying success in all the Germanspeaking Alpine states and in Switzerland. This paper aims to analyse these initiatives, comparing and critically assessing their stipulation, functioning and planning implementation. As the conservation of open space is a transnational issue, especially in the Alps, which are dissected by many political borders, reference is also made to the framework provisions of the internationally binding Alpine Convention from 1991 and to the new EU initiative EUSALP, and their potential consequences. The focus of attention is, however, on bringing together approaches for conserving open space for people (local inhabitants and their traditional economic activities, but also visitors) and natural heritage. Presentday regional and spatial planning practices related to Alpine open spaces in the Germanspeaking Alps and in Switzerland are presented and critically evaluated and future options for harmonising approaches across the borders are discussed.

Alpine open spaces are becoming noticeably scarcer. In the Alps, this applies to the inherently limited area of permanent settlement, which in the case of Tyrol covers only 11.8%. The population is growing in many of the valleys and with it the infrastructure it requires. However, the open spaces at higher altitudes are also being successively fragmented and equipped with infrastructure (e.g. cable cars, hydro-electric plants) or subjected to increasingly intensive use (e.g. with electric mountain bikes). The preservation of open spaces in the Alps began in Bavaria as early as 1972 with the implementation of the Alpine Plan, which established spatial planning objec-tives. The Alpine Plan divided Bavaria's Alpine region into three zones of varying traffic intensity, a true legislative innovation. Zone C was intended for nature conservation, which was still in its infancy at that time, and also aimed to reduce natural Alpine hazards. Primarily, however, this planning initiative was related to the role of the landscape as a setting for recreation in open spaces, i.e. leisure and tourism activities in natural surroundings. Today, there are similar, more or less successful initiatives in all of the German-speaking Alpine states and Switzerland. This publication aims to analyse, compare and describe these initiatives and to critically assess how they are formulated, how they work, and how they are implemented by planners. As the preservation of open spaces is a transnational issue, especially in the Alps, which are intersected by many political borders, we also address the framework provisions of the internationally binding Alpine Convention of 1991 and examine the new EU initiative EUSALP and its potential impact. The focus here, however, is on bringing together approaches for preserving open space for people (local inhabitants and their traditional economic activities, but also visitors) and their natural heritage. We present and critically evaluate present-day spatial planning practices related to Alpine open spaces in the German-speaking Alpine region and in Switzerland, and discuss future options for harmonising approaches across borders.

Alpine open spaces are becoming noticeably scarcer. In the Alps, this applies to the inherently limited area of permanent settlement, which in the case of Tyrol covers only 11.8%. The population is growing in many of the valleys and with it the infrastructure it requires. However, the open spaces at higher altitudes are also being successively fragmented and equipped with infrastructure (e.g. cable cars, hydro-electric plants) or subjected to increasingly intensive use (e.g. with electric mountain bikes). The preservation of open spaces in the Alps began in Bavaria as early as 1972 with the implementation of the Alpine Plan, which established spatial planning objec-tives. The Alpine Plan divided Bavaria's Alpine region into three zones of varying traffic intensity, a true legislative innovation. Zone C was intended for nature conservation, which was still in its infancy at that time, and also aimed to reduce natural Alpine hazards. Primarily, however, this planning initiative was related to the role of the landscape as a setting for recreation in open spaces, i.e. leisure and tourism activities in natural surroundings. Today, there are similar, more or less successful initiatives in all of the German-speaking Alpine states and Switzerland. This publication aims to analyse, compare and describe these initiatives and to critically assess how they are formulated, how they work, and how they are implemented by planners. As the preservation of open spaces is a transnational issue, especially in the Alps, which are intersected by many political borders, we also address the framework provisions of the internationally binding Alpine Convention of 1991 and examine the new EU initiative EUSALP and its potential impact. The focus here, however, is on bringing together approaches for preserving open space for people (local inhabitants and their traditional economic activities, but also visitors) and their natural heritage. We present and critically evaluate present-day spatial planning practices related to Alpine open spaces in the German-speaking Alpine region and in Switzerland, and discuss future options for harmonising approaches across borders.

Alpine Freiräume werden zusehends knapper. Diese Aussage gilt in den Alpen für den naturgemäß raren Dauersiedlungsraum, der z.B. in Tirol nur 11,8 % des Staatsgebietes umfasst. Die Bevölkerung wächst in vielen Talschaften und damit auch die erforderliche Infrastruktur. Aber auch die Freiräume, die in den darüber gelegenen Höhenstufen der Alpen liegen, werden sukzessiv zerschnitten und mit technischen Anlagen (z.B. Seilbahnen, hydroelektrischen Anlagen) bzw. immer intensiveren Nutzungen (z.B. EMountainbikes) erschlossen. Im Freistaat Bayern begann die alpenweite Erhaltung von Freiräumen mit der Implementierung des Alpenplans als raumordnerische Zielsetzung bereits im Jahr 1972. Die dadurch betriebene Zonierung des gesamten bayerischen Alpenraums nach drei Intensitätsstufen der verkehrlichen Nutzung war eine echte Innovation des Normgebers. Sie zielte mit ihrer sogenannten Zone C auf den damals noch jungen Naturschutz und die Verringerung alpiner Naturgefahren ab. In der Hauptsache jedoch galt diese planerische Initiative der nicht anlagengebundenen, landschaftsbezogenen Erholung, das heißt Freizeit- und Tourismusaktivitäten in der Natur. Heute bestehen mehr oder weniger erfolgreiche, verwandte Initiativen in allen deutschsprachigen Alpenstaaten und der Schweiz. Sie zu analysieren, ihre Festlegung, Funktionsweise und planerische Umsetzung vergleichend zu beschreiben sowie kritisch zu hinterfragen ist die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit. Weil der Erhalt von Freiräumen ein transnationales Thema darstellt, gerade in den vielfach von politischen Grenzen durchzogenen Alpen, wird dabei auch auf die rahmensetzenden Vorgaben der völkerrechtlich verbindlichen Alpenkonvention aus dem Jahr 1991 abgehoben und die neue EU-Initiative EUSALP sowie deren potenzielle Auswirkungen erörtert. Im Fokus steht aber die Zusammenführung von Ansätzen zum Erhalt von Freiräumen für den Menschen (Einheimische und ihre traditionellen Wirtschaftsweisen, aber auch Besucher) und das Naturerbe. Die heute gängigen Praktiken im Umgang mit alpinen Freiräumen in Raumordnung und räumlicher Planung im deutschsprachigen Alpenraum und der Schweiz werden aufgezeigt sowie kritisch bewertet. Zudem werden künftige Möglichkeiten von grenzüberschreitenden harmonisierten Verfahrensweisen debattiert.