Suchergebnisse

Durante las últimas décadas la bioeconomía se ha impuesto como una opción para garantizar el crecimiento económico y la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales. Muchos países a nivel internacional han incluido a la bioeconomía dentro de su agenda política como una alternativa de desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relevancia y evolución de la bioeconomía en España a través del análisis de distintos indicadores macroeconómicos. España presentó su estrategia nacional de bioeconomía en 2016 y, en los últimos años, los datos reflejan un incremento en la contribución al producto interior bruto, así como en la generación de puestos de empleo en los sectores asociados a la bioeconomía. Además, los resultados muestran el notable esfuerzo que se está realizando en el contexto de la investigación y la innovación en este sector. Sin embargo, todavía la distancia con respecto a otros países europeos es notable y existen fuertes disparidades territoriales y numerosos retos nacionales en la transición hacia una economía biobasada sostenible. During the last decades, the bioeconomy has established itself as an option for ensuring economic growth and guaranteeing the sustainability of natural resources. Several countries have included the bioeconomy in their political agendas as an alternative for economic development. This paper aims to analyze the relevance and evolution of the bioeconomy in Spain based on the analysis of different macroeconomic variables and indicators. Spain developed its bioeconomy strategy in 2016 and the analysis of the data shows how this economy has advanced in the contribution of the bioeconomy to the Gross Domestic Product and in the generation of jobs related to this sector. Furthermore, important efforts have been made in the context of research and development. Despite the growth of the bioeconomy in Spain, this country is still far from many of the European states and a lot of work is still pending to be done.

The design and implementation of water policies to address scarcity problems are largely shaped by the behavior of interest groups and their ability to influence policymakers. Different and opposed interests of stakeholders regarding policies trigger water conflicts and, frequently, lead to the failure of the implemented regulation. Departing from political economy theory, we empirically estimate the determinants that affect the level of lobbying effort and effectiveness by water interest groups for influencing water policy. The findings are based on data collected by a survey administered among different irrigators' groups, in a water-stressed river basin (the Jucar River Basin in Spain) that vie to increase their water allocations. Our results demonstrate how lobbying effort depends on the involvement of the interest groups, the energies exerted to sway water authorities, and on the variation among the group members. Lobbying effectiveness is a function of the effort exerted. Furthermore, both functions depend on the intrinsic characteristics of the group's members. While the empirical results corroborate several main statements of the theory of lobbying and interest groups, some deviations based on the empirical application remain.

En el contexto de los cambios sociales y políticos que caracterizaron la década del 60 en Perú y como uno de los efectos a largo plazo del Grito de Córdoba que impulsó la reforma universitaria en el continente se produjo un evento que marcó la educación médica nacional y a la universidad peruana con consecuencias hasta el presente. Este evento es conocido como el segundo sisma de San Fernando que tuvo como hecho culminante la renuncia de 455 profesores de la centenaria Escuela de Medicina fundada por Hipólito Unanue. El motivo, su negativa a aceptar una ley que disponía el cogobierno estudiantil en la universidad peruana y que no exceptuaba a la Facultad de Medicina como ellos solicitaban arguyendo la especial índole académica de los estudios de medicina. El presente trabajo de investigación histórica transcurridos más de cincuenta años se aboca a estudiarlos basada en una exhaustiva revisión de fuentes primarias en archivos de la época y el testimonio de los principales actores docentes y estudiantiles del conflicto. El objetivo es desentrañar las raíces ideológicas, sociales y políticas del proceso sin descuidar el examen de las circunstancias y características que imprimieron a los acontecimientos ribetes dramáticos que concitaron, en su momento, expectativa nacional. Una indagación recorre todo el estudio: ¿pudo evitarse el conflicto? No hay una respuesta sencilla porque los actores en ambos bandos en contienda estaban convencidos de la certeza de sus posiciones y ambos la justificaban en la convicción de estar sirviendo de mejor manera a los intereses del país. Al presentar los hechos, las versiones y el análisis pertinente consideramos estar abriendo el debate en el seno de la comunidad médica y universitaria que conduzca a un productivo y aleccionador balance de estos acontecimientos históricos. ; In the context of political and social changes that characterized the decade of the 1960s in Peru and as one of the long-term outcomes of the «Grito de Córdoba» leading to educational reform in the entire continent, an event came about which left a lasting mark in Peru´s university education with consequences still impacting our present day. This major event, known as San Fernando ´s second «sisma» culminated in the resignation of 455 professors from the 100-year-old Medical School founded by famous historical figure Hipólito Unanue. The professors´ motive was their opposition to legislation requiring shared governance with the student body. This law did not exempt the Medical School from shared governance as which the professors had argued for on the grounds of the special academic nature of medical studies. This paper presents historical research spanning over fifty years. It is based on a thorough study of primary sources from the period as well as testimonies from key faculty and students involved in the conflict. The goal is to unearth the ideological, social, and political roots of this process while maintaining a rigorous study of the circumstances and characteristics of the dramatic historical events that sparked national attention. An important question permeates this study: Could this conflict have been prevented? There is no simple answer since both dissenting parties were convinced their position was true and both justified such conviction as an honorable patriotic endeavor. In presenting the facts, various accounts and relevant analysis we wish to ignite a debate in the medical and scholastic community that would lead to an enriching and balanced interpretation of these historical events.

Water policies have been implemented worldwide to face water stress. However, the existence of water users' groups with opposite interests and different political power results in the plain failure or low effectiveness of water policy reforms. A better understanding of users' perceptions regarding policy outcomes is important to avoid the failure of water policies and the intensification of water conflicts. This paper empirically examines the divergent perception of interest groups on the implementation of different policies dealing with water scarcity and their proactive involvement with water agencies. We have conducted a survey in the Jucar River Basin (a water-stressed basin in southeastern Spain) to analyze interest group opinions regarding water policy effectiveness and water institutions' performance in water management. Questionnaires were sent to the main irrigation districts and urban water utilities within the basin. The collected information gives a general picture of the behavior of opposite water interest groups in this basin. The analysis of the perceptions on water policy reform between the groups highlights the existence of significant differences between preferred measures to address water scarcity and lobbying capacity. These differences depend on the size of the group, the specific basin location, and other group characteristics.

From 1995, Spanish safety legislation has been adapted to the International framework. However, operationally the situation is not so good, at least in the wood harvesting activity. Some forest workers are still found not wearing the compulsory safety equipment, working without respecting safety rules and references to high accidents rates are frequent. To assess those aspects, firstly some comparisons have been made between the accident records in a reference company and the accident indexes at national and regional level for building and farming activities. Secondly, using a purpose-designed questionnaire applied to 35 logging worksites in Castilla y Leon Region, deficiencies in prevention have been identified. The relation between the accident reduction and the prevention methods used by the reference studied company has been confirmed. Also the main causes of the accidents have been analysed. Finally, some recommendations to reduce the risk of accidents in harvesting operations are provided. The main conclusion confirms that the possibility of reducing the accident risk is conditioned to the commitment of all the staff of the timber harvesting company, at every level of responsibility, to search for excellence in safety as one more entrepreneurial goal. This fact should be accompanied by the staff early training and the adequate motivation means. ; Desde 1995, el derecho internacional se ha integrado en el ordenamiento jurídico español en lo referente a seguridad y salud. Sin embargo, la situación de la seguridad en los aprovechamientos forestales no ha mejorado, puesto que se detectan casos de personal trabajando sin equipo de protección e incumpliendo las instrucciones de trabajo seguro y son abundantes las referencias a una elevada accidentalidad. Para evaluar estos aspectos, primeramente se han comparado y valorado los datos de accidentalidad de los taladores de una empresa de referencia con los de los sectores agrario y de la construcción a través de las estadísticas nacionales y con los datos depurados del sector forestal a partir de la base de datos de declaración electrónica de accidentes de la C.A. de Castilla y León. En segundo lugar, se han identificado las deficiencias en materia de prevención, diseñando para ello una encuesta que se ha llevado a cabo en 35 aprovechamientos de Castilla y León. Posteriormente, se ha verificado que la reducción de la accidentalidad en la empresa de referencia se debe a la aplicación del plan de prevención. Se han caracterizado los riesgos en los que habían incurrido los taladores y se han descrito las medidas adoptadas para la reducción de los accidentes en la empresa estudiada, lo que ha conducido a una serie de recomendaciones para reducir la accidentalidad. Como conclusión, se puede reducir sensiblemente la accidentalidad sólo si la empresa integra la política de prevención como un objetivo más de la gestión empresarial, en todos los niveles de su organización, acompañando las herramientas técnicas con formación temprana y motivación adecuada.