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THE AUTHOR REVIEWS COMMONLY HELD BELIEFS ABOUT THE POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF WOMEN: THAT THEY ARE LESS LIKELY TO VOTE THAN MEN, THAT THEY ARE MORE CONSERVATIVE IN POLITICAL ORIENTATION, ETC. SUCH VIEWS ARE EVALUATED FIRST WITH REFERENCE TO CLASSIC WORKS WHICH HAVE SUPPORTED THEM, AND THEN IN LIGHT OF MORE RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS.

NARCliM (NSW/ACT Regional Climate Modelling project) is a regional climate modelingproject for the Australian area. It provides a comprehensive dynamically downscaled climate dataset for theCORDEX-AustralAsia region at 50km resolution, with a finer 10km resolution across South-East Australia.NARCliM data is being used by the NSW and ACT governments to design their climate change adaptationplans. Data is available through the AdaptNSW website (http://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/).NARCliM uses WRFv3.3 regional climate model (RCM) to perform an ensemble of simulations for the presentand the projected future climate. WRF is run in three different model configurations (different combinationsof physical parametrizations) that have been shown to perform well in South-East Australia and were chosenbased on performance and independence. These three RCMs are simulating three different periods: 1990-2009,2020-2040 and 2060-2080. Four different GCMs (MIROC-medres 3.2, ECHAM5, CGCM 3.1 and CSIROmk3.0) from CMIP3 provide initial and boundary conditions for the WRF simulations. These GCMs werechosen through a process that considered model performance, independence and diversity in projected futurechanges. This GCM-RCM matrix gives an ensemble of 12 simulations for each period.Heatwaves are here defined using the Excess Heat Factor metric. Its characteristics, including duration,frequency and intensity, are examined. Compared to observations, the NARCliM ensemble displays a goodability to simulate heatwaves across NSW with almost all present-day biases being non-significant. By 2070,robust increases in heatwave frequency, duration and peak amplitudes are found across NSW and the ACT.Western NSW is projected to have the most significant increases in peak amplitude. Most of NSW is projectedto experience about 20 more heatwave-days a year by 2070 compared to the present. In many locations this ismore than a doubling of the current number of heatwave days.

The cold chain is essential in ensuring the safety, organoleptic quality, nutritional content and market value of perishable foodstuffs from harvest or slaughter to the consumer. Temperature control throughout the cold chain is therefore a vital tool to minimise food quality and safety problems and temperature control and monitoring is an integral part of any food management system as well as being, in many areas of the cold chain, a legislative requirement. Refrigeration technologies are one of the most energy-intensive technologies used in the food supply chain. This chapter covers temperature control and food quality in the food cold chain and how storage life is assessed. © 2011 Woodhead Publishing Limited All rights reserved.