International audience ; Comment concevoir des projets de conservation et développement qui permettent des changements durables ? Comment en augmenter l'efficacité et la légitimité ? Les incitations économiques classiques des politiques environnementales (certification, gestion durable des forêts, paiements pour services environnementaux, crédits verts, etc.) sont efficaces à court terme mais leur performance environnementale n'est pas forcément assurée à long terme. En revanche, lorsque les motivations intrinsèques des bénéficiaires sont activées, ceux-ci s'approprient mieux les objectifs des interventions : ils font preuve d'un changement de comportement plus durable. De récentes recherches croisant l'économie du comportement et la psychologie sociale, menées dans le cadre de ce type de projets, ouvrent une voie riche et complémentaire pour mobiliser ce potentiel humain latent. Considérer les motivations intrinsèques, c'est prendre conscience de l'importance de la dimension psychologique de toute action. Les décideurs et les bailleurs du développement et de la recherche peuvent s'en saisir et intégrer dans leurs appels à projets des méthodes pour les identifier et les activer.
International audience ; How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations.
International audience ; How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations.
How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can harness this potential and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations.
Comment concevoir des projets de conservation et développement qui permettent des changements durables ? Comment en augmenter l'efficacité et la légitimité ? Les incitations économiques classiques des politiques environnementales (certification, gestion durable des forêts, paiements pour services environnementaux, crédits verts, etc.) sont efficaces à court terme mais leur performance environnementale n'est pas forcément assurée à long terme. En revanche, lorsque les motivations intrinsèques des bénéficiaires sont activées, ceux-ci s'approprient mieux les objectifs des interventions : ils font preuve d'un changement de comportement plus durable. De récentes recherches croisant l'économie du comportement et la psychologie sociale, menées dans le cadre de ce type de projets, ouvrent une voie riche et complémentaire pour mobiliser ce potentiel humain latent. Considérer les motivations intrinsèques, c'est prendre conscience de l'importance de la dimension psychologique de toute action. Les décideurs et les bailleurs du développement et de la recherche peuvent s'en saisir et intégrer dans leurs appels à projets des méthodes pour les identifier et les activer.
International audience ; Comment concevoir des projets de conservation et développement qui permettent des changements durables ? Comment en augmenter l'efficacité et la légitimité ? Les incitations économiques classiques des politiques environnementales (certification, gestion durable des forêts, paiements pour services environnementaux, crédits verts, etc.) sont efficaces à court terme mais leur performance environnementale n'est pas forcément assurée à long terme. En revanche, lorsque les motivations intrinsèques des bénéficiaires sont activées, ceux-ci s'approprient mieux les objectifs des interventions : ils font preuve d'un changement de comportement plus durable. De récentes recherches croisant l'économie du comportement et la psychologie sociale, menées dans le cadre de ce type de projets, ouvrent une voie riche et complémentaire pour mobiliser ce potentiel humain latent. Considérer les motivations intrinsèques, c'est prendre conscience de l'importance de la dimension psychologique de toute action. Les décideurs et les bailleurs du développement et de la recherche peuvent s'en saisir et intégrer dans leurs appels à projets des méthodes pour les identifier et les activer.
International audience How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations.
Programs of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) have been widely adopted in conservation policies as incentives to reduce deforestation. In developing countries, conditional payments contribute to re-regulate land-use change in a context of costly and conflictive law enforcement. Due to the heterogeneity of implementation contexts, the role of technical intermediaries able to translate complex program rules into grounded forest management plan appears critical. For example, in Mexico, certified independent intermediaries have a major role in the selection, the training and the monitoring of participant forest-owners to governmental PES programs. We performed semi-structured interviews with the majority (21) of technical intermediaries in charge of helping PES participation in the state of Chiapas. The interviews aimed at identifying a typology of practices regarding program implementation with private and collective forest owners but also understanding how intermediaries have adapted to evolving procedural rules. Our results suggest that several intermediaries can use PES to promote their own agenda, especially if they are backed by development or conservation NGOs. However, the number of intermediaries has decreased over the year as a result of stricter program rules that control their remuneration and a declining budget for PES programs. Remaining intermediaries have developed strategies in order to maintain their position and anticipate changes in program rules. Overall, our results contribute to document the institutional void existing between policy design and implementation by highlighting the use of expertise and networks by intermediaries in order to remain key players in the governance of PES.
Policy evaluation research has traditionally favored quantitative approaches. These quantitative techniques can be based (i) on econometric analyses to infer the causality chain triggered by the implementation of a policy or; (ii) be based on a control-treatment approach based on the selection of the best possible counterfactual in order to capture the impact of a policy on a target variable. However, such quantitative approaches have difficulties into integrating qualitative dynamics -such as the influence of governance and institutions- and understand the intertwined and complex nature of interactions between SES variables affected by those policies. As a result, purely quantitative policy evaluation is not able to capture cascade effects and non-linear interactions between primary and secondary system variables. This introduction discusses how to identify the system variables of interest, its interactions and the combination of methods to describe them. (Texte intégral)
REDD+ is usually presented as an incentive-based mechanism that can provide payments to compensate for the costs induced by conservation restrictions. Yet in Madagascar REDD+ is implemented through a command-and-control approach with almost no or insufficient compensation. This paper challenges the financial feasibility of an individual cash or in-kind compensation scheme as part of a REDD+ project and assesses the cost of implementing a hypothetical individual compensation scheme for local populations living on the boundary of an ongoing REDD+ pilot project in southeastern Madagascar. In order to estimate a plausible level of compensation, we measured households' perceived economic losses arising from the project. We carried out this economic evaluation based on households' declarative statements about their agricultural production (before and after project implementation) and their perceptions of the causes of such changes. We then estimated the start-up and running costs of implementing conditional transfers to compensate for reported losses using first-hand project cost data from different conservation projects in Madagascar, including the one analysed in this paper. Comparing our estimated total cost to the current budget of the REDD+ project, we concluded that compensating households would cost seven times more than the budget initially devoted to field activities during the first phase of the project. Yet we discuss that individual compensation may increase the long-term environmental and social additionality (through greater legitimacy) of the REDD+ project, as it may play a role of safety nets and help farmers, especially the most vulnerable ones, to implement new agricultural techniques to adapt to land use restrictions.
Halting the degradation and loss of tropical forests would go a long way towards mitigating climate change, preventing biodiversity loss, and securing the supply of vital goods and services, while underpinning long-term sustainable development. Deforestation results from numerous and complex interactions, driven from both within and outside the country where deforestation is occurring. REDD+ has been developed as a "positive incentive" to compensate countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, with a view to influencing development pathways towards sustainable land use. This literature review explores several questions related to the efficiency, effectiveness and equity of REDD+ and discusses the suitability of various funding options to create the enabling conditions for addressing the drivers to deforestation. The importance of sustained investments (in improving the design and implementation of policies addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and leading to reduced deforestation and forest degradation) as compared to ex-post results based payments emerged as a key framing distinction to identify approaches to reducing deforestation with greater potential to trigger the kind of structural change, policy reform and long-term strategic planning for sustainable use of the forest resource required to address the drivers to deforestation which emanate from within forested countries. The ability to demonstrate performance towards agreed objectives remains an important factor whatever the finance source for REDD+. The conceptual shift from paying for results ex-post to sustained investment, however, allows for a broader definition of performance related to national-level political commitment and implementation of policies, rather than the narrow definition of results as quantified emissions reductions. The origins of REDD+ · The inclusion of forests within the climate convention was debated and rejected during the establishment of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) due to concerns of permanence, additionality (compensating actions that would have occurred anyway) and leakage (the displacement of deforestation inherent in a project-based approach). · In 2005, Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica reintroduced forests to the UNFCCC debate following a proposal for "compensated reductions" based on national-level accounting of emissions reductions designed to circumvent the drawbacks of project-based approaches to avoiding deforestation. - This led to the official adoption of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in the Bali Action Plan in 2007. In Poznan in 2009 the scope was extended to include three further activities related to the management of carbon stocks, known as REDD+. _ The origins of the REDD+ debate show the need for a national approach to monitoring performance, which is confirmed in the lessons emerging from the suite of "demonstration projects" which have blossomed following the inclusion of REDD+ in the climate negotiations. Early research from these projects shows that the fundamental concerns of leakage, lack of additionality and high costs and uncertainties in quantifying emission reductions remain. The issue of architecture REDD+ is a positive incentive instrument by design, and not a cap-and-trade instrument, due to the voluntary nature (meaning developing countries choose to participate) and the "no-liability" design, meaning that there are no sanctions for participating countries that do not reduce, or even increase, emissions. The question of REDD+ architecture is therefore not bound to a cap-and-trade type system, but remains open, and should be determined by the most cost-efficient and effective method of reaching the objectives of REDD+. The thorny problem of the baseline · Whilst emissions from fossil fuels are relatively predictable based on trends in gross domestic product (GDP), deforestation i
Cameroonian community forests were designed and implemented to meet the general objectives of forest management decentralization for democratic and community management. The spread of management conflicts all over the country has shown that these broad expectations have not been met. We describe conflicts occurring in 20 community forests by types of actors and processes involved. We argue that a number of external (community vs. external actors) and internal (intra-community) conflicts are part of the causes blocking the expected outcome of Cameroonian community forests, fostering bad governance and loss of confidence. Rent appropriation and control of forest resources appear as systemic or generalized conflicts. While community forest support projects have tended to focus on capacity building activities, less direct attention has been given to these systemic problems. We conclude that some factors like appropriate leadership, and spending of logging receipts on collective benefits (direct and indirect) are needed to minimize conflicts. Government and development agencies should concentrate efforts on designing concrete tools for improving financial transparency while privileging communities with credible leaders.
Achieving forest conservation together with poverty alleviation and equity is an unending challenge in the tropics. The Makira REDD+ pilot project located in northeastern Madagascar is a well-suited case to explore this challenge in conditions of extreme poverty and climatic vulnerability. We assessed the potential effect of project siting on the livelihoods of the local population and which households would be the most strongly impacted by conservation measures. Farmers living in hilly areas must resort to slash-and-burn agriculture (tavy) since a combination of topographic and climatic constraints, such as cyclones, makes permanent rice cultivation very difficult. These are the people who suffer most from conservation-related restriction measures. For practical reasons the project, unfortunately, did not target these farmers. The main focus was on communities with a lower cyclonic risk that are able to practice permanent rice agriculture in the lowlands. To reduce deforestation without violating the principles of equity, REDD+ projects in Madagascar need to better target populations facing high climatic risks and invest in efforts to improve the farmers' agricultural systems.
