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The french Regulation School of hetherodox economics deals with the capability of economic systems to reach stability. The economic systems does not have a tendency to equilibrium. Instead, the institutional farmework of capitalist society produces stability. Regulation Theory links the interaction of agents in a micro level to structural determinations of system development not reducible to this micro level. The evolution of capitalist systems is multidetermined. The origin of institutional forms are presented with the support of Polanyi's and Brauders contributions to the history of capitalism. At last, a discussion on the concept of mode of regulation as a hierarchical configuration of the institutional forms is made. ; The french Regulation School of hetherodox economics deals with the capability of economic systems to reach stability. The economic systems does not have a tendency to equilibrium. Instead, the institutional farmework of capitalist society produces stability. Regulation Theory links the interaction of agents in a micro level to structural determinations of system development not reducible to this micro level. The evolution of capitalist systems is multidetermined. The origin of institutional forms are presented with the support of Polanyi's and Brauders contributions to the history of capitalism. At last, a discussion on the concept of mode of regulation as a hierarchical configuration of the institutional forms is made.

Brazilian foreign policy has been functional to the "tropical fordist" mode of development. Its strategies have changed three times since the begining of 20th Century. First, the alignment with the USA attracted investments of western industrial companies. Then, t h e so-called "responsible pragmatism" helped the last stage of industrial development in the 70s but f a i l ed in facing t h e crisis in t h e 80s. Now, t h e process of integration intends to find new horizons to "tropical fordism", attracting foreign investments and consolidating a common market in South America, the Mercosur. ; Brazilian foreign policy has been functional to the "tropical fordist" mode of development. Its strategies have changed three times since the begining of 20th Century. First, the alignment with the USA attracted investments of western industrial companies. Then, t h e so-called "responsible pragmatism" helped the last stage of industrial development in the 70s but f a i l ed in facing t h e crisis in t h e 80s. Now, t h e process of integration intends to find new horizons to "tropical fordism", attracting foreign investments and consolidating a common market in South America, the Mercosur.

The process of economic integration between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay — and so far with Chile and Bolívia —, the MERCOSUR, Is viewed as part of a movement that is changing the relation of economy and space. In this sense, first of all, some theoretical questions about economic development and the territory are pointed out, describing this relationship at the level of accumulation and regulation and picturing the fordist mode of development and its Latin-American contemporary, the national development—commonly identified with import substitution. Secondly, a historical overview of Latin America's South Cone development at the fordist age tries to characterize the regimes of accumulation and modes of regulation prevailing in a national base at each country. Thirdly, the post-fordist era is considered with the changes in the international regime, the accumulation process and the regulation structures and their effects on the economic integration. At least, the hypothesis of the emerging continental block, the MERCOSUR, be a new milestone in economic development for the region is dealt with as a possible new kind of spatiality for capital accumulation. ; The process of economic integration between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay — and so far with Chile and Bolívia —, the MERCOSUR, Is viewed as part of a movement that is changing the relation of economy and space. In this sense, first of all, some theoretical questions about economic development and the territory are pointed out, describing this relationship at the level of accumulation and regulation and picturing the fordist mode of development and its Latin-American contemporary, the national development—commonly identified with import substitution. Secondly, a historical overview of Latin America's South Cone development at the fordist age tries to characterize the regimes of accumulation and modes of regulation prevailing in a national base at each country. Thirdly, the post-fordist era is considered with the changes in the international regime, the accumulation process and the regulation structures and their effects on the economic integration. At least, the hypothesis of the emerging continental block, the MERCOSUR, be a new milestone in economic development for the region is dealt with as a possible new kind of spatiality for capital accumulation.

RESUMO A natureza autorregulada dos sistemas econômicos capitalistas não pode ser entendida através do conceito de equilíbrio, como a economia neoclássica. Uma nova maneira de criar uma teoria sistêmica da economia foi aberta pelo conceito de autopoiese. Partindo da proposição de Marx do caráter fundador das relações sociais dos sistemas econômicos e combinando-o com a teoria autopoiética, é possível propor uma teoria sistêmica da economia. Na primeira seção, é feita uma caracterização dos sistemas autopoiéticos e argumentado que os sistemas econômicos capitalistas desenvolvidos pertencem a esse tipo. Na segunda seção, a dinâmica econômica é apresentada como adequada à natureza dos sistemas autopoiéticos.

Since the end of the 80's, Latin America has been a stage for neoliberal oriented state reforms and its unpopular economic policies. Nonetheless, another kind of policy refoms appeared In the continent, experiencies that emphasize democracy and popular participation. The Workers Party (PT) administration in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, is an exemple of this kind of democratic political change. The cornerstone of the Popular Administration is the Participative Budget: a process of budgeting done by elected representatives of the people. This successful experience should inspire a course of political change for the whole Country, regarding some new realities that may emerge. The issues of distances, for Brazil is a large country, and of instances, the distribution of policy competences between the members of the Federal Union, have to be dealt with for the accomplishment of such a change. ; Since the end of the 80's, Latin America has been a stage for neoliberal oriented state reforms and its unpopular economic policies. Nonetheless, another kind of policy refoms appeared In the continent, experiencies that emphasize democracy and popular participation. The Workers Party (PT) administration in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, is an exemple of this kind of democratic political change. The cornerstone of the Popular Administration is the Participative Budget: a process of budgeting done by elected representatives of the people. This successful experience should inspire a course of political change for the whole Country, regarding some new realities that may emerge. The issues of distances, for Brazil is a large country, and of instances, the distribution of policy competences between the members of the Federal Union, have to be dealt with for the accomplishment of such a change.

Technical progress and economic development are promotions of capitalism, says a well known idea hereby contradicted. Recent changes under neoliberalism show that the more freedom of move to capital the less development of productive forces. There was no synchronicity and coherence fostering economic growth between changes at the micro level of techno-productive and managerial innovation and the ones at the macro level of institutional structures and economic policy. Empowerment of finance capital and monopolies got them opportunity to control the state and set its economic policy to support fictitious capital accumulation and to rule restructuring of corporate management. Surplus redistribution favoring finance capital is a burden to be carried on the back of society's productive structures, lowering investment, employment qnd growth. Focusing Latin America and Brazil, the same picture is seen, worsened by external fragility that deepens historical dependency. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

RESUMO A virtualidade, a imaterialidade e o desenvolvimento de formas ainda mais abstratas de riqueza são características do capitalismo contemporâneo. No entanto, o curso da acumulação requer trabalho produtivo. As transformações ocultas sob essas formas de aparência são vistas à luz do pensamento de Marx de três maneiras diferentes. 1. As novas formas de trabalho produtivo que desafiam a distinção de produtivo e improdutivo. 2. A transformação do capital produtivo através da concentração, centralização e mudança de formas de concorrência. 3. A relação entre capital produtivo e capital financeiro e o novo papel do capital monetário.

RESUMO Este artigo trata de cinco pontos da dinâmica do capitalismo contemporâneo: 1) a forma e a operação do mercado financeiro mundial que funciona 24 horas por dia; 2) transformações nas relações monetárias, especificamente a relação entre dinheiro e poder; 3) a influência da operação de blocos de capital sobre territórios; 4) a exaustão dos limites da extração excedente por meio da exploração do trabalho assalariado, aumentando a degradação das condições de coesão social e fraturando o regime de acumulação; 5) as novas referências que sustentam e regulam o equivalente geral, ou seja, a base das equivalências nomeadas em dinheiro. Termina exigindo um novo contrato social global, em nível nacional e internacional.

El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar la hipótesis de que la integración institucional interacciona con la integración económica regional a través de la elaboración del Índice de Integración Institucional para el caso del Mercado Común Centroamericano (MCCA) e sus resultados fueron comparados para los casos de la Unión Europea (EU) y el MERCOSUR estimados por Dorrucci. Posteriormente, fue aplicado un modelo de Vectores Autoregresivos (VAR) para ese índice incorporando variables como el ingreso per-cápita, términos de comercio y apertura comercial. Los resultados sugieren que una mayor integración institucional trae un nivel más alto de nivel de integración económica y vice-versa. ; The purpose of this article was evaluated the hypothesis that institutional integration interacts with regional economic integration, was tested developing an institutional integration index for The Central American Common Market and were compared with European Union and Mercosul were estimated by Dorrucci. Subsequently a model of Autoregressive Vectors (VAR) was implemented, incorporating that index to such variables as per-capita income, exchange trading terms and trade opening. The results indicate that greater institutional integration brings a higher level of economic integration and vice versa.

Desenvolvimentismo : a construção do conceito / Pedro Cezar Dutra Fonseca -- O paradigma do estado desenvolvimentista e o "retorno" da política industrial / André Moreira Cunha -- A economía política institucionalista e o desenvolvimento / Henrique de Abreu Grazziotin, Róber Iturriet Avila, Ronaldo Herrlein Jr. -- A relação entre instituições e crescimento econômico : uma análise heterodoxa e evolucionária / Octavio A. C. Conceição -- Teoria neoschumpeteriana e desenvolvimento econômico / Ricardo Dathein -- Padrões históricos da mudança tecnológica e ondas longas do desenvolvimento capitalista / César S. Conceição, Luiz A.E. Faria -- Processo de aprendizado, acumulação de conhecimento e sistemas de inovação : a "coevolução das tecnologias físicas e sociais" como fonte de desenvolvimento econômico / Adriano José Pereira, Ricardo Dathein -- Padrões de eficiência no comércio : definições e implicações normativas / Marcilene Martins -- Riscos macrofinanceiros, preferência pela liquidez e acumulação real no capitalismo financeirizado / Marcelo Milan -- As disfunções do capitalismo na visão de Keynes e suas proposições reformistas / Fábio Terra, Fernando Ferrari Filho