Suchergebnisse

La participación ciudadana se ha convertido en una expresión habitual. No obstante, los mecanismos de participación ciudadana a nivel local tienen un largo recorrido en España. En este artículo analizamos las propuestas de procesos participativos desarrollados a nivel local y que persiguen implicar a la ciudadanía en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre políticas públicas. A través de una muestra de 39 procesos desarrollados en Andalucía, Madrid y Cataluña durante el periodo 2007-2011 se analizan las características y contenido de las propuestas surgidas de ellos, así como su grado de implementación. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que alrededor de dos terceras partes de las propuestas acaban implementándose total o parcialmente. No obstante, los resultados arrojan tres conclusiones no tan positivas: el contenido de las propuestas muestran un alcance muy limitado, existe un proceso de implementación selectiva de las propuestas y, por último, en los procesos participativos hay una escasa cultura política de rendición de cuentas

This thesis addresses the study of citizen participation from two perspectives: the analysis of citizens' preferences towards participation and as well as the evaluation of the results of participatory processes. In Part I, citizens' preferences towards different political decision-making proce-sses are analyzed. The main objective in chapter 1 is to understand citizens' prefe-rences, at European level, towards two models of democracy that can be considered as alternative or complementary to the representative model: participatory democracy vs. the government of the experts. In each of these two models, internal variants that represent different ways of understanding both the participation and the government of the experts are analyzed. Chapter 2 delves into these issues but, this time, focusing on the Spanish case during the period 2011-2015, with the aim of analyzing how the appearance of new parties -and the perception of certain personal attributes of the experts, politicians and citizens- have influenced the preferences of citizens towards different decision-making processes. In Part II, the results of the participatory processes are analyzed. The focus is on processes, promoted by the administrations and aiming of including citizens in the process of policy making, developed at the local level in Spain during the 2007-2011 period -. Chapter 3, based on an initial sample of 40 participatory processes, analyzes the characteristics and level of implementation of the proposals arising from these participatory processes. The fourth and fifth chapters, through a selection of six case studies, aim to analyze the effects (both positive and negative) that participatory pro-cesses have on relations between the administration and civil society. Finally, in Part III, I intend to take a step towards applicability by showing the result of a collective exercise developed in the framework of a citizen laboratory. Spe-cifically, in chapter 6, the process of creation and characteristics of a prototype tool for citizen participation is described. Establishing a debate on how new technologies can solve - or increase - some of the limits or obstacles to participation analyzed in previo-us chapters. ; Esta tesis aborda el estudio de la participación ciudadana desde dos perspec-tivas: el análisis de las preferencias de los ciudadanos hacia la participación así como la evaluación de los resultados de los procesos participativos. En la primera parte, se analizan las actitudes hacia diferentes procesos de toma de decisiones políticas. El capítulo 1 tiene como objetivo principal comprender las pre-ferencias de los ciudadanos, a nivel europeo, hacia dos modelos de democracia que pueden considerarse como alternativos o complementarios al modelo representativo, estos son: la democracia participativa y la democracia de los expertos. En cada uno de estos dos modelos se analizan variantes internas que representan maneras diferentes de entender tanto la participación como el gobierno de los expertos. El capítulo 2 profundiza en estas cuestiones centrándose en el caso español durante el período 2011-2015, con el objetivo de analizar cómo la aparición de nuevos partidos y la per-cepción de ciertos atributos personales de expertos, políticos y ciudadanos han influ-ido en las preferencias de los ciudadanos hacia diferentes procesos de toma de deci-siones. La segunda parte de la tesis tiene como principal objetivo analizar cuáles son los resultados de los procesos participativos. En concreto, se analizan procesos desa-rrollados a nivel local en España durante el período 2007-2011, impulsados por las administraciones y con la intención de incluir a los ciudadanos en el proceso de elabo-ración de políticas públicas. El capítulo 3 analiza las características y nivel de implem-entación de las propuestas surgidas de 39 procesos participativos. Los capítulos cuarto y quinto, a través de un estudio de casos múltiple, tienen como objetivo analizar los efectos que los procesos participativos tienen en las relaciones entre la administración y la sociedad civil. Por último, en la tercera parte, se da un paso hacia la aplicabilidad mostrando el resultado de un ejercicio colectivo desarrollado en el marco de un laboratorio ciuda-dano. En concreto, el capítulo sexto describe el proceso de creación y características de un prototipo de herramienta automatizada para la participación ciudadana. Estable-ciendo un debate sobre cómo los nuevos avances en las TICs pueden solucionar -o acrecentar- algunos de los límites u obstáculos de la participación analizados en los capítulos anteriores. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

Recent research on citizen process preferences has highlighted three different models of decision making: representation, participation and stealth democracy. However, the meanings of the two alternatives to the prevailing representative model have not been fully explored. What do citizens have in mind when distinguishing between participatory and stealth models of democracy? Using survey data from several Western European countries, the article explores one distinction within preferences for each of the models: the preference for more referendum-based versus dynamic responsiveness-based solutions on the participatory side and for expert-based versus business-based solutions on the stealth side. The article ends by exploring the impact of left-right ideology and education upon these preferences. The explanatory power of the variables is greater for understanding the internal distinction of the stealth model than the participatory one.

In many countries, advisory councils are the most common participatory institution in which public administration interacts with civil society around environmental issues. Nevertheless, our knowledge about them is quite limited. The main goal of this article is to show the differences they present with advisory councils in other policy areas in three main aspects: who participates, how they work, and which are their outputs. These differences are especially important because they emerge again regarding their participants' opinions and satisfaction. We adopt a quantitative perspective in order to analyze this reality in Spain, a country where advisory councils are widespread and highly institutionalized at national, regional and local levels. After developing a mapping of 2013 existing advisory councils, we selected a sample of 55 in three policy areas. The data collected included their formal rules, composition, website characteristics and a survey to 501 participants. This set of evidence shows that environmental councils are more poorly designed, and that this is consequential since it is related with more negative opinions among their members and to a larger degree of polarization in their perceptions. ; This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant number CSO2015-66026-R.

New Municipalism governments in Madrid and Barcelona (2015 − 2019) promoted a new agenda which included participatory budgeting, e-initiatives, and randomly selected forums. Both cities implemented deep modifications in their Advisory Councils' (AC) systems while the 'New Municipalism movement' (radical-left candidacies) was in government for first time. In this article we reflect on how these municipal administrations faced the different strategies for reform across their ecosystem of ACs. For this purpose, our analysis relies on six dimensions (drivers, inclusiveness, deliberation, communication, policy-making capacity and connectedness) which are identified in the literature and are empirically applied through a comparative case study (thirty-one interviews). Despite the common agenda, the cases show dissimilarities which are connected to alternative reform strategies: one case was characterized by experimentation (Madrid), the other by slight improvement (Barcelona). Path dependency contributes to understanding these alternative logics, even when a common agenda was at play.

AbstractThe characteristics of participatory institutions can be articulated in three main dimensions: input, process and output. The common assumption is that a dependency relationship exists, with process serving as a mediator between input and output. This paper puts the model to a rare empirical test drawing on a unique dataset of 70 Spanish advisory councils. Through a combination of exploratory factor and path analyses, we analyse the dimensionality of input, process and output and investigate the direct and indirect impact of inputs on process and outputs. Our analysis provides evidence that input factors have a direct impact on the output factor transparency, but their impact on effects on policy and participant satisfaction is mediated by the process factor deliberation. Further, the capacity of the public administration to steer the advisory council (wardship) mediates negatively the impact of input variables on transparency. The analysis provides a nuanced account of how different input and process design characteristics of participatory institutions have profound direct and indirect effects on their outputs.

Most research on participatory processes has stressed the positive effects that these institutions have in the relationships between public authorities and civil society. This article analyzes a more negative product that has received scant attention: participatory frustration. Departing from Hirschman's cycles of involvement and detachment, the article shows four paths toward frustration after engaging in institutional participatory processes: (a) inflated expectations, (b) the failure of design and adjusting mechanisms, (c) poor results, and (d) abrupt discontinuations. Drawing on six cases in Spanish cities, this article proposes a reflection on how participatory reforms can contribute to feed frustration and political disenchantment.

Los procesos participativos se ponen en marcha con objetivos de
distinta índole, por lo que no resulta sencillo abordar el análisis de su efectividad.
Estos procesos incorporan objetivos específicos como la producción de políticas
públicas (policies), o la promoción de cambios positivos en los contextos políticos
locales (polities). En este artículo, nos concentramos en esas dos dimensiones.
Nos planteamos en qué condiciones los procesos participativos generan nuevas
políticas públicas y en qué casos producen cambios significativos en los contextos
políticos locales. A través de un proyecto de investigación realizado entre 2012 y
2015, analizamos una diversidad de procesos participativos y reflexionamos sobre
sus límites y oportunidades a la hora de producir nuevas políticas o de crear nuevas
relaciones entre los actores públicos locales.
Parte hartzeko prozesuak hainbat helbururekin jartzen dira martxan,
eta, horrenbestez, horien eraginkortasuna aztertzea ez da erraza izaten. Prozesu
horiek helburu zehatzak izaten dituzte; esaterako, politika publikoak prestatzea
(policies), edo tokiko testuinguru politikoetan aldaketa positiboak sustatzea
(polities). Artikulu honetan bi dimentsio horiek ditugu hizpide: Parte hartzeko prozesuak
politika publiko berriak zein baldintzatan eragiten dituzten aztertu dugu,
eta aldaketa esanguratsuak zein kasutan eragin ditzaketen tokiko testuinguru politikoetan.
2012. eta 2015. urteen artean egindako ikerketa-proiektu baten bitartez,
parte hartzeko prozesu ugari aztertu ditugu, eta tokiko eragile publikoen arteko harreman
berriak sortu edo politika berriak ekoizteko orduan dituzten mugak eta aukerak
hausnarketarako gai izan ditugu.
Participative processes are implemented with different objectives
so it is not easy to address the analysis of their effectiveness. Theses processes
have specific objectives such as production of public policies or the promotion
of positive changes within local polities. In this article, we focus on those two
dimensions. We consider the conditions participative processes cause in local
policies and the cases where significant changes over local polities are produced.
By means of a research project developed between 2012 and 2015, we analyze the
diversity of participative processes and we reflect on their limits and opportunities
in order to produce new policies or create new relationships between local public
actors.

In the context of a citizen lab, this article describes how a vanguard of activists, designers, scholars and participation practitioners were involved in a participatory prototyping process. CoGovern was designed as an online participation tool whose focus is to incorporate citizen preferences in local policy making. It is aimed at supporting informed and transparent participatory processes while reducing the ability of sponsoring authorities to "cherry-pick" policy proposals and avoid providing explanations. This article proposes a decision-making process that incorporates artificial intelligence techniques into a collective decision process and whose result is mainly based on standard optimization techniques rather than vote-counting.