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THE ARTICLE SUMMARILES RESEARCH FINDINGS BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ELECTION DATA AT THE STATE ASSEMBLY LEVEL FROM 1952 THROUGH 1972. THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF URBANIZATION ARE ASSESSED WITH REGARD TO PARTICIPATION, RADICALIZATION, AND POLARIZATION. THE ATTRIBUTIONAL MODEL IS SOMEWHAT MORE APPLICABLE TO RADICALIZATION AND POLARIZATION, AND THE CONTEXTUAL MODEL APPLIES TO PARTICIPATION.

This service record is an account of military actions during the American Civil War by veteran J. J. Field dated from 1907. ; All descriptive lists and service records in this United Confederate (Civil War) Veterans manuscript collection believed to be based out of Robert E. Lee Camp #158 of the United Confederate Veterans (Fort Worth, Tex.). ; The Southwest Collection Manuscript Record can be accessed at the following URL: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00119/tsw-00119.html ; 1 leaf, 2 pdf pages. ; Regiment & Battles mentioned: Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry ; Richmond (Va.)--History--Siege, 1864-1865.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; Data availability: Data are available on the Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7RBMX ; In eusocial Hymenoptera, queens and their helper offspring should favour different sex investment ratios. Queens should prefer a 1:1 investment ratio, as they are equally related to offspring of both sexes (r = 0.5). In contrast, helpers should favour an investment ratio of 3:1 towards the production of female brood. This conflict arises because helpers are more closely related to full sisters (r = 0.75) than brothers (r = 0.25). However, helpers should invest relatively more in male brood if relatedness asymmetry within their colony is reduced. This can occur due to queen replacement after colony orphaning, multiple paternity and the presence of unrelated alien helpers. We analysed an unprecedentedly large number of colonies (n = 109) from a UK population of Lasioglossum malachurum, an obligate eusocial sweat bee, to tease apart the effects of these factors on colony-level investment ratios. We found that multiple paternity, unrelated alien helpers and colony orphaning were all common. Queen-right colonies invested relatively more in females than did orphaned colonies, producing a split sex ratio. However, investment ratios did not change due to multiple paternity or the presence of alien helpers, reducing inclusive fitness pay-offs for helpers. Queen control may also have been important: helpers rarely laid male eggs, and investment in female brood was lower when queens were large relative to their helpers. Genetic relatedness between helpers and the brood that they rear was 0.43 in one year and 0.37 in another year, suggesting that ecological benefits, as well as relatedness benefits, are necessary for the maintenance of helping behaviour. Significance statement: How helping behaviour is maintained in eusocial species is a key topic in evolutionary biology. Colony-level sex investment ratio changes in response to relatedness asymmetries can dramatically influence inclusive fitness benefits for helpers in eusocial Hymenoptera. The extent to which helpers in primitively eusocial colonies can respond adaptively to different sources of variation in relatedness asymmetry is unclear. Using data from 109 colonies of the sweat bee Lasioglossum malachurum, we found that queen loss, but not multiple paternity or the presence of alien helpers, was correlated with colony sex investment ratios. Moreover, we quantified average helper-brood genetic relatedness to test whether it is higher than that predicted under solitary reproduction (r = 0.5). Values equal to and below r = 0.5 suggest that relatedness benefits alone cannot explain the maintenance of helping behaviour. Ecological benefits of group living and/or coercion must also contribute. ; European Union Horizon 2020 ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

This book arises from a workshop on the application of network analysis to ecological flow networks. The purpose is to develop a new tool for comparison of ecosystems, paying particular attention to marine ecosystems. After a review of the methods and theory, data from a variety of marine habitats are analyzed and compared. Readers are shown how to calculate such properties as cycling index, average path length, flow diversity, indices of ecosystem growth and development and the origins and fates of particular flows. This is a highly original contribution to the growing field of ecosystem theory, in which attention is paid to the properties of the total, functioning ecosystem, rather than to the properties of individual organisms. New insights are provided into the workings of marine systems

Although academic organizations typically cite "teaching, research, and service" as their primary missions, the service component is often weighted less-heavily in the faculty promotion and tenure process compared with teaching and research. This is unfortunate for publically-funded colleges and universities, since in many disciplines community service can be more beneficial and visible to taxpayers, legislators, parents, and other constituency groups than academic scholarship will ever be. One goal for higher education that should be taken very seriously is the development of students who learn the value of being productive members of their communities by contributing pro bono expertise to those with a need, but without the expertise or resources necessary to accomplish the task(s) on their own. In an effort to enhance their images, many modern organizations reward employees for such community service. Since the public at large has increasingly come to perceive higher education - particularly faculty members - in a negative light, service-learning is arguably one of the best methods for addressing this problematic image. One very promising area for service-learning activity is through marketing research class projects. This manuscript first provides an overview of service-learning including a conceptual framework, and then supports that introduction with an example.