Suchergebnisse

Recensión de la obra: GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Esther: Los controles estatales sobre las comunidades autónomas. Precedentes y regulación constitucional actual. Ed. Académica Española. Saarbrücken (Alemania). 2015, 184 págs.

Actualmente, la Alianza del Pacífico es la más reciente iniciativa de integración regional. Es un área de integración profunda que pretende: "Avanzar hacia la libre circulación de bienes, servicios, capitales y personas, e impulsar un mayor crecimiento, desarrollo y competitividad de las economías de las partes (…) lo cual es un hecho que demuestra el olvido de algunas de las economías latinoamericanas frente a la cuenca del Pacífico, que es la principal cuenca del comercio internacional, al integrar las economías de Asia, América y Oceanía." (Alianza del Pacífico, 2012). Por tal razón, podemos observar que los temas prioritarios y de interés común tales como medio ambiente y cambio climático; innovación, ciencia y tecnología; micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas; y desarrollo social; educación, movilidad de personas, inversiones, guía para el comercio exterior, que ha generado la alianza en los 4 países integrantes, va dirigida a la consolidación del Arco del Pacífico Latinoamericano; logrando un espacio de concertación y convergencia, con un compromiso firme de avanzar progresivamente hacia el objetivo de alcanzar la libre circulación de bienes, servicios, capitales y personas (AP, 2015). ; Currently, the Pacific Alliance is the most recent initiative of regional integration. It is an area of deep integration which aims to: "move towards the free movement of goods, services, capital and people, and promote higher growth, development and competitiveness of the economies of the parties (.) It is a fact that demonstrates the oblivion of some Latin American economies facing the Pacific basin, which is the main watershed of international trade, to integrate the economies of Asia, America and Oceania (AP, 2012). For this reason, we can see that those issues priority and common interest such as the environment and climate change; innovation, science and technology; micro, small and medium-sized enterprises; and social development; education, mobility of people, investments, guide for foreign trade, which has generated the Alliance in the 4 Member countries, is aimed at the consolidation of the Latin American Pacific arch; making a space for dialogue and convergence, with a firm commitment to move progressively towards the aim of achieving the free movement of goods, services, capital and people (AP,2015).

The objective of the study was to analyze the importance of banking in Mexico. The banking system in Mexico is the result of a complex transformation of processes as deregulation, expansion, crisis, nationalization, foreign ownership and privatization. In 1983, commercial banks were transformed into national credit; later, in 1985 with the purpose of rationalize and optimize their operations, their number decreased. Since 1988 the country began a process of economic and financial reform. Gradually, selective credit drawers were removed and interest rates (Solis, 1997) were liberalized. Between 1991 and 1992, the 18 banks which had hitherto belonged to the government were divested. For some experts, the privatization mechanism was inappropriate because it benefited brokerage firms that, in some cases, were property of former directors of the commercial banks. In addition, the newly privatized banks took advantage of the inadequate regulation and supervision to foster an excessive increase in credit (above the real dynamics of the economy), joined to the precarious risk assessment practices and technological underdevelopment in the banking sector at that time (De la Cruz and Alcántara, 2011). Two years later, in 1994, capital outflows and currency imbalances were consequence of political events that contaminated the economic environment at the time, which significantly reduced the market liquidity. This was worsened by the issuance of short-term government bonds denominated in dollars and free convertibility, which caused a rapid decline of international reserves and an economic crisis. Both the crisis and the devaluation of the currency (in December 1994) increased the bank nonperforming loans (NPLs). In addition, rising interest rates and higher unemployment, exacerbated the breach of obligations of debtors, causing serious problems in the banking sector, forcing the government to speed up the entry of foreign capital into the sector with the aim to find alternative sources of funding (Clavellina, 2013).

The objective of the study was to analyze the importance of banking in Mexico. The banking system in Mexico is the result of a complex transformation of processes as deregulation, expansion, crisis, nationalization, foreign ownership and privatization. In 1983, commercial banks were transformed into national credit; later, in 1985 with the purpose of rationalize and optimize their operations, their number decreased. Since 1988 the country began a process of economic and financial reform. Gradually, selective credit drawers were removed and interest rates (Solis, 1997) were liberalized. Between 1991 and 1992, the 18 banks which had hitherto belonged to the government were divested. For some experts, the privatization mechanism was inappropriate because it benefited brokerage firms that, in some cases, were property of former directors of the commercial banks. In addition, the newly privatized banks took advantage of the inadequate regulation and supervision to foster an excessive increase in credit (above the real dynamics of the economy), joined to the precarious risk assessment practices and technological underdevelopment in the banking sector at that time (De la Cruz and Alcántara, 2011). Two years later, in 1994, capital outflows and currency imbalances were consequence of political events that contaminated the economic environment at the time, which significantly reduced the market liquidity. This was worsened by the issuance of short-term government bonds denominated in dollars and free convertibility, which caused a rapid decline of international reserves and an economic crisis. Both the crisis and the devaluation of the currency (in December 1994) increased the bank nonperforming loans (NPLs). In addition, rising interest rates and higher unemployment, exacerbated the breach of obligations of debtors, causing serious problems in the banking sector, forcing the government to speed up the entry of foreign capital into the sector with the aim to find alternative sources of funding (Clavellina, 2013).

Government subsidies directed to particular groups of farmers, selected producers or selected geographical areas have their particular effect on those areas but really do not change tendencies on a complete sector. That is, sectorial programs have a systemic effect and particular programs have a non systemic effect affecting only products or regions but never the complete sector. The main variable that captures this effect is the per capita Gross National Product, which is an approximation to aggregated product over economical active population. It was found that the main support program to producers in Mexico has changed the structure in the use of production resources such as labour, capital, technology, land and water particularly among producers of medium and high incomes and with a moderate or low impact among those producers with low incomes.

Cover page with the seal of the Pro-Serrano Committee titled "File #64 "H". Mr. Hernández Pablo. General Delegate in Tamaulipas". Gen. Carlos A. Vidal, President of the Pro-Serrano Committee, informs Mr. Pablo Hernández that he has been appointed general delegate of the Committee in the state of Tamaulipas and gives him instructions to carry out campaign work. / Portada con el sello del Comité Pro-Serrano titulada "Expediente #64 "H". Sr. Hernández Pablo. Delegado Gral. en Tamaulipas". El Gral. Carlos A. Vidal, Presidente del Comité Pro-Serrano, comunica al Sr. Pablo Hernández que ha sido nombrado delegado general del Comité en el estado de Tamaulipas y le da instrucciones para llevar a cabo los trabajos de campaña.

Letter from Mr. L.M. Hernández to Gen. Alvaro Obregón, requesting permission to accompany him on his tour. / Carta del Sr. L.M. Hernández al Gral. Alvaro Obregón solicitándole permiso para acompañarlo en su gira.

Letter from Mr. Francisco Hernández to Gen. Alvaro Obegón requesting a certificate of Military Service. / Carta del Sr. Francisco Hernández al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, pidiendo le extienda un certificado de sus servicios militares.

Letter from Mr. B. Hernández to Gen. Alvaro Obregón stating his endorsement of his candidacy. File VD-13 / Carta del Sr. B. Hernández al Gral. Alvaro Obregón manifestándole la adhesión a su candidatura. Exp. VD-13

Letter from Mr. Melitón Hernández to Gen. Alvaro Obregón supporting his presidential candidacy and offering to work for his political campaign. / Carta del Sr. Melitón Hernández al Gral. Alvaro Obregón apoyando su candidatura a la Presidencia y ofreciendo trabajar en la campaña.

Correspondence between Mr. Gustavo Hernández and Gen. Alvaro Obregón concerning the former's support to Gen. Obregón's presidential campaign. Mr. Hernández commented on the communiqué sent by the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit to staff in which they were banned to participate in political campaigns. Supportive protest against the slander campaign started by the press in the United States, which stated that Gen. Obregón was in favor of a U.S. Military intervention in Mexico. / Correspondencia entre el Sr. Gustavo Hernández y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, relativa al apoyo del primero para la campaña presidencial del Gral. Obregón. El Sr. Hernández comenta la circular que repartió la Secretaría de Hacienda entre sus empleados prohibiéndoles toda participación en las campañas electorales. Protesta de adhesión ante la campaña de prensa desatada en los Estados Unidos que señala al Gral. Alvaro Obregón como partidario de una intervención armada en México.

Letter from Mr. Lidio Hernández to Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which the former comments on his work in the political campaign and requests a 30-30 rifle. / Carta del Sr. Lidio Hernández al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, comentándole sobre sus trabajos en la campaña política y solicitando le consiga un rifle 30-30.