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The widely publicized argument that a volunteer army would be manned primarily by econ'ly disadvantaged minorities, esp Negroes, is examined. Data show that white low income fam's still outnumber Negro low income fam's. In the 3,000-4,999 category the ratio of white to Negro fam's was 6.16-1.18 million in 1966. Recent statistics also show that Negroes do not have a higher propensity to volunteer for the draft than whites. The reaction of the military to free labor market conditions is also taken into consideration. Abolishing the draft would eliminate the army's labor cost advantage & should tend to promote the adoption of labor-saving processes throughout the military establishment. Capital equipment, in particular, would displace labor in many military activities. This adjustment to higher priced labor would obviously affect both the number & kinds of job openings available in the military establishment. It would imply a general reduction in total military employment to achieve a given overall level of defense capability. A volunteer army would require a smaller & a more highly skilled military LF. An exhaustive manpower study would have to be made to predict precisely the racial & SE composition of the US armed forces if the draft were replaced by a peacetime volunteer army. It is implausible that a predominantly black army would emerge. The shift to a more highly skilled army might still leave room for objection to a volunteer system on racial grounds, but on the basis that it would be 'too white' rather than 'all black.' M. Maxfield.

SUMMARYThis paper uses some partial equilibrium models to assess the possible theoretical effects of pollution abatement on the terms of trade and the trade balance of the United States. The results depend on the sectoral location of the pollution (export or import‐competing) and on the type of pollution (production or consumption). The U. S. will experience a deterioration in its trade balance in combatting production pollution and probably an increase in the abatement of consumption pollution. For import‐consumption pollution and export‐production pollution, abatement results in an increase in the U. S. terms of trade and welfare while the opposite occurs for import‐production and export‐consumption pollution. It is possible that the less developed countries have been bearing part of the burden for unabated pollution in the United States.

This study challenges the spate of literature that has appeared in recent yrs which supports the 'deprivation theory' of Ur soc unrest. The deprivation thesis asserts that Ur hostilities are attributable to the low SES of Ur racial minorities. On the basis of detailed multiple regression analyses, it is concluded that the connections between SE deprivation & Ur disorders are neither simple nor direct. It is further suggested that additional theoretical & empirical res is needed to ascertain, sci'ly, the 'causes' of riots. AA.