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International audience Classification societies play a major role in maritime safety and the regulation of the international shipping market. They have a dual mission, namely the classification and certification of ships. Paradoxically, the academic literature on the strategic behaviour of classification societies remains very limited. More often than not, the scope of prior research has been limited to the definition of their missions in the shipping ecosystem with an emphasis on their changing legitimacy as maritime accidents occur. Consequently, this paper aims at providing a better understanding of the specific role of classification societies in maritime safety and within the interorganisational dynamics of international shipping. The study is based on a conceptual framework provided by the behaviourist approach and applied to the inter-organisational dynamics of supply chains. This approach enables in-depth analysis of actors' strategic behaviours by focusing on four dimensions: power, leadership, conflict and cooperation. The main results highlight the increasingly central and paradoxical role of classification societies. This role encompasses, on the national level, classification and certification processes, and, on the supranational level, the creation of new rules and regulations. The study highlights the importance of their ability to master the official framework and institutional vocabulary, which enable them to strengthen their power and leadership in the shipping market. This capacity helps them to limit conflicts between actors and to encourage certain cooperative behaviours based on relationships of dependence and interorganisational interdependence.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show that football as a sacred experience is often raised, but has never led to an argued approach. Professional football (soccer) is a genuine societal phenomenon, both through the medias' interest they cause and through the financial stakes that are related to it. It is common to read that football, through the passions it unleashes, for example in terms of tribal violence, has become a type of religion, with its believers (the fans) and its place of worship (the stadiums).Design/methodology/approach– The authors reviewed the literature, research reports and electronic documents on professional football practices to understand the religious dimension of fan passion in Europe (ritualism, collective beliefs, using of totemic objects, etc.).Findings– The paper suggests a reading grid of religions, founded on four interdependent dimensions (the Community, the Law, the Way and the Experience) and applies it to professional football by underlying its relevance in the singular context of sports show.Originality/value– Beyond well-known economic stakes, the paper clarifies the football passion from a religious perspective and identifies the main pillars of the fan conversion process according to a heteronomous logic.

PurposeThe paper aims to introduce the issue of supply chain management in the context of increasingly rare and costly resources and to define the notion of frugal supply chain, in particular, in reference to the development of circular economy. The challenges of frugal supply chain are detailed for a set of private and public stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachAs a programmatic viewpoint, this paper aims at developing debates regarding the future of supply chains, building upon current technical and managerial innovations.FindingsFrugal supply chains constitute a new business perspective. It transforms the way value creation process is considered, in reference to the models of circular economy, and the systems in which companies evolve. The circular economy represents many opportunities for new forms of growth in the context of rare resources, and it raises several challenges for a variety of stakeholders, more or less, involved in the management of closed loop supply chains.Practical implicationsFrugal strategies in a supply chain context may provide both a source of competitive advantage for companies and an enhancement of their commitment to society.Social implicationsThe practices described in the paper aim at stimulating a new view of logistics management, based on the principles of sustainable development. Frugal supply chains offer the possibility of reflecting on a more moderate, sensible and effective use of several commons by taking part in the conservation of rare resources for future generations.Originality/valueThis viewpoint introduces the concept of frugal supply chains, rarely approached in the literature, and it offers the opportunity to open debates on managerial and societal challenges linked to logistics strategies and, more broadly, to inter-organizational relations.

PurposeThe purpose of this viewpoint is to analyze the emergence of a modified equilibrium in the relationship between buyers ("shippers") and suppliers ("providers") of logistical services. In the 1990s, the logistical service providers (LSPs) had relatively little power and were often asked to perform basic operations. The situation has evolved as a result of proactive strategies implemented by some forward-thinking LSPs. In this viewpoint, the emphasis is on the strategies developed by shippers which the authors labeled the "ramp effect".Design/methodology/approachThe authors discuss the impact of the ramp effect on LSPs' innovation processes. This viewpoint is based on the authors' experience in the field, on a literature review focused on the logistics industry and on the purchasing strategies applied to logistical services.FindingsThe authors show that the buyers of logistical services have lost some of their power because of two main factors: LSPs' embeddedness in the shipper's supply chain and the transformation of LSPs into orchestrators (labeled fourth-party logistics). This viewpoint discusses the relational disequilibrium between shippers and LSPs rather than the cooperative relationships between them.Originality/valueThe ramp effect as a source of innovation and proactive strategies for LSPs has never been covered in the management literature. This viewpoint provides both academics and practitioners with a different perspective of the relational disequilibrium between buyers and sellers of logistical services.

International audience ; For more than three decades, purchasing has now become a major area for publication, reflecting the change of perception and in reality from an operational view of purchasing to a strategic one. This has resulted for instance in the emergence of a win-win approach; as an example, while still competing one with another, organizations can also use coopetition and pooling strategies with objectives such as logistical cost and delivery time reduction, but also of quality improvements to the customer. Using a similar line of thought, this article deals originally with the world of sports through purchasing lens by examining how the pooling concept could be useful to understand better the advantages stemming for the North-American leagues' strategy of player contract purchases, and more globally, of human capital management. ; Les achats font l'objet d'une abondante littérature depuis plus de trois décennies, ce qui reflète pour cette fonction le glissement d'une vision opérationnelle à une vision stratégique. Ceci se traduit notamment par l'émergence d'une logique « gagnant-gagnant » ; par exemple, tout en maintenant la compétition entre elles, des entreprises mettent en œuvre des stratégies de coopétition et mutualisent leurs achats, entre autres pour réduire les coûts logistiques et les délais de mise à disposition des produits, mais aussi pour accroître la qualité de service rendue aux clients. Fort des réflexions menées sur ces phénomènes, l'article aborde de façon originale le domaine sportif sous l'angle des achats. L'objectif est d'examiner comment la notion de mutualisation peut être utile pour mieux comprendre les avantages découlant de l'approche collective des ligues nord-américaines en matière de politique d'achat de joueurs et, plus largement, de gestion du capital humain.

International audience ; For more than three decades, purchasing has now become a major area for publication, reflecting the change of perception and in reality from an operational view of purchasing to a strategic one. This has resulted for instance in the emergence of a win-win approach; as an example, while still competing one with another, organizations can also use coopetition and pooling strategies with objectives such as logistical cost and delivery time reduction, but also of quality improvements to the customer. Using a similar line of thought, this article deals originally with the world of sports through purchasing lens by examining how the pooling concept could be useful to understand better the advantages stemming for the North-American leagues' strategy of player contract purchases, and more globally, of human capital management. ; Les achats font l'objet d'une abondante littérature depuis plus de trois décennies, ce qui reflète pour cette fonction le glissement d'une vision opérationnelle à une vision stratégique. Ceci se traduit notamment par l'émergence d'une logique « gagnant-gagnant » ; par exemple, tout en maintenant la compétition entre elles, des entreprises mettent en œuvre des stratégies de coopétition et mutualisent leurs achats, entre autres pour réduire les coûts logistiques et les délais de mise à disposition des produits, mais aussi pour accroître la qualité de service rendue aux clients. Fort des réflexions menées sur ces phénomènes, l'article aborde de façon originale le domaine sportif sous l'angle des achats. L'objectif est d'examiner comment la notion de mutualisation peut être utile pour mieux comprendre les avantages découlant de l'approche collective des ligues nord-américaines en matière de politique d'achat de joueurs et, plus largement, de gestion du capital humain.

International audience ; For more than three decades, purchasing has now become a major area for publication, reflecting the change of perception and in reality from an operational view of purchasing to a strategic one. This has resulted for instance in the emergence of a win-win approach; as an example, while still competing one with another, organizations can also use coopetition and pooling strategies with objectives such as logistical cost and delivery time reduction, but also of quality improvements to the customer. Using a similar line of thought, this article deals originally with the world of sports through purchasing lens by examining how the pooling concept could be useful to understand better the advantages stemming for the North-American leagues' strategy of player contract purchases, and more globally, of human capital management. ; Les achats font l'objet d'une abondante littérature depuis plus de trois décennies, ce qui reflète pour cette fonction le glissement d'une vision opérationnelle à une vision stratégique. Ceci se traduit notamment par l'émergence d'une logique « gagnant-gagnant » ; par exemple, tout en maintenant la compétition entre elles, des entreprises mettent en œuvre des stratégies de coopétition et mutualisent leurs achats, entre autres pour réduire les coûts logistiques et les délais de mise à disposition des produits, mais aussi pour accroître la qualité de service rendue aux clients. Fort des réflexions menées sur ces phénomènes, l'article aborde de façon originale le domaine sportif sous l'angle des achats. L'objectif est d'examiner comment la notion de mutualisation peut être utile pour mieux comprendre les avantages découlant de l'approche collective des ligues nord-américaines en matière de politique d'achat de joueurs et, plus largement, de gestion du capital humain.

International audience ; For more than three decades, purchasing has now become a major area for publication, reflecting the change of perception and in reality from an operational view of purchasing to a strategic one. This has resulted for instance in the emergence of a win-win approach; as an example, while still competing one with another, organizations can also use coopetition and pooling strategies with objectives such as logistical cost and delivery time reduction, but also of quality improvements to the customer. Using a similar line of thought, this article deals originally with the world of sports through purchasing lens by examining how the pooling concept could be useful to understand better the advantages stemming for the North-American leagues' strategy of player contract purchases, and more globally, of human capital management. ; Les achats font l'objet d'une abondante littérature depuis plus de trois décennies, ce qui reflète pour cette fonction le glissement d'une vision opérationnelle à une vision stratégique. Ceci se traduit notamment par l'émergence d'une logique « gagnant-gagnant » ; par exemple, tout en maintenant la compétition entre elles, des entreprises mettent en œuvre des stratégies de coopétition et mutualisent leurs achats, entre autres pour réduire les coûts logistiques et les délais de mise à disposition des produits, mais aussi pour accroître la qualité de service rendue aux clients. Fort des réflexions menées sur ces phénomènes, l'article aborde de façon originale le domaine sportif sous l'angle des achats. L'objectif est d'examiner comment la notion de mutualisation peut être utile pour mieux comprendre les avantages découlant de l'approche collective des ligues nord-américaines en matière de politique d'achat de joueurs et, plus largement, de gestion du capital humain.