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Im Rahmen des hier dargestellten Projektes ist eine Black Carbon (BC)-Messkampagne an der Universität Rostock erfolgreich ausgeführt worden. Die Messkampagne wurde vom 11. bis zum 22. Juli 2016 von der Universität Rostock, dem National Research Council Canada (NRC), dem Helmholtz Zentrum München und AVL durchgeführt - unterstützt durch Marena Ltd., CE Delft und das Öko-Institut. Die Messungen sind an dem Motorenprüfstand im Labor der Universität Rostock unter Verwendung eines einzylindrigen Dieselmotors mit Direkteinspritzung (1VDS18/15CR), sechs BC-Messinstrumenten (PAX, LII-1, LII-2, TOA, AVL 415SE und MSS), unter Verwendung drei verschiedener Treibstoffe und bei verschiedenen Motorleistungen durchgeführt worden. Nach der Messkampagne sind die Messergebnisse analysiert und in drei Submissionen beim Unterausschuss für die Verhütung und Bekämpfung der Meeresverschmutzung (PPR) der Internationale Seeschifffahrts-Organisation (IMO) veröffentlicht worden; zwei Submissionen zur vierten Sitzung des PPR in 2017 (PPR4/INF9, PPR4/9/4) und eine Submission zur fünften Sitzung des PPR in 2018 (PPR 5/INF.10). Diese Submissionen sind gemeinsam von Kanada und Deutschland eingereicht worden. Sie wurden in Zusammenarbeit von Marena Ltd., dem NRC Canada, der Universität Rostock, AVL, dem Umweltbundesamt und den zuständigen Ministerien der beiden Staaten erarbeitet. In der Submission PPR4/INF.9 "Technical details of a multi-instrument Black Carbon measurement campaign" sind die technischen Details der Messkampagne und in der PPR4/9/4 Submission "Results of a multi-instrument Black Carbon measurement campaign" sind die Ergebnisse der BC-Messungen dargestellt worden. In der dritten Submission PPR 5/INF.10, "New findings of a multi-instrument Black Carbon measurement campaign" sind nach weiteren Analysen der Messdaten weitere Ergebnisse präsentiert worden.

Air transport is a sector with particularly dynamic emissions growth. The European Union has led the way in climate protection and included aviation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in 2012. To support the international process for a global market-based measure to limit international aviation emissions under the umbrella of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the scope of emissions trading has been reduced. Instead of covering all flights taking off or landing in the territory of the European Economic Area (EEA) as originally planned, only intra-EEA flights will be covered by emissions trading until 2023. The aim of the project is to explore the interactions between the two market-based measures tackling aviation emissions: the EU ETS and the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Therefore, several options are explored how the two schemes can be combined. While in principle both schemes monitor emissions, MRV rules differ both on procedural level as well as in the details. The MRV cycles are presented and differences especially in regard to emission factors for alternative fuels are assessed. As the EU ETS currently covers only intra-EEA flights, the role of non-EEA operators on those routes is assessed. A quantification of the extent to which the two market-based measures, the EU ETS and CORSIA, can be expected to contribute to the EU 2030 aviation emissions target is included in the study as well as ways to promote transition through an aviation innovation fund.

Aviation and maritime transport are not explicitly mentioned in the Paris Agreement. In Article 4, however, the Parties aim to achieve a balance between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks - in other words, complete decarbonisation and climate neutrality - in the second half of this century. Since emissions from aviation and maritime transport are clearly anthropogenic, they fall within the scope of the Paris Agreement goals even without being explicitly mentioned. Within the scope of this project, BMU and UBA received comprehensive and timely support on many issues relating to greenhouse gas mitigation in international aviation and maritime transport. This support ranged from quantitative analysis of current proposals for policies or instruments to ad hoc support in and between negotiations of international bodies (ICAO, IMO, EU, etc.) and to further development of existing instruments or development of their own policy proposals. Over the course of this project, the discussion about greenhouse gas reductions in aviation and maritime transport moved somewhat towards a reduction path that is compatible with the Paris Agreement. This project has contributed to that change, thereby fulfilling its original objective. Nevertheless, international aviation and maritime transport are still far off a reduction path that is compatible with the Paris Agreement. With this in mind, efforts to make international agreements with ambitious targets and instruments must not diminish.

The climate neutrality of air and sea transport can hardly be achieved without the accelerated use of almost GHG-neutral fuels. Such fuels are generated from renewable electricity and are thus called electro fuels or (synthetic) e-fuels. To illustrate how these e-fuels can be made available and how to ensure that in both sectors only such fuels are used, several policy roadmaps have been sketched. In terms of e-fuel supply, there are significant differences between aviation and maritime transport: While e-kerosene is widely identified and accepted as future fuel for aviation, a single prospective fuel has not yet emerged for maritime transport. Currently, there is a challenging dilemma for policy makers. On the one hand, the transition towards defossilizing international transport should be accomplished by 2050, requiring that the right decisions are made sooner rather than later. Particularly for shipping, the main goal for the years ahead is, on the other hand, to limit the number of e-fuels pursued. Unless a dominant fuel or fuels are supported by a critical mass of countries, it will hardly be possible to trigger the economies-of-scale dynamics required to accomplish the transition. Our assessment also shows that the first regulatory steps must be taken immediately on all levels. National governments need to ensure that the policies which provide incentives and guidance to investors and operators are adopted as soon as possible and are actively supported by policy initiatives at European and international level. The years up to 2025 are decisive for achieving defossilization of aviation and maritime transport. If appropriate policies are not set in place by then, at least at national and European level, it will be difficult to achieve the goal of defossilization by 2050.