Suchergebnisse

Recent discussions on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, plus conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) have raised optimism about reducing carbon emissions and deforestation in tropical countries. If approved under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), REDD+ mechanisms may generate a substantial influx of financial resources to developing countries. Some authors argue that this money could reverse the ongoing process of decentralization of forest policies that has spread through a large number of developing countries in the past two decades. Central states will be accountable for REDD+ money, and may be compelled to control and keep a significant share of REDD+ funds. Supporters of decentralization argue that centralized implementation of REDD+ will be ineffective and inefficient. In this paper, I examine the relation between subnational governments and REDD+ in Brazil. Data show that some state governments in the Brazilian Amazon have played a key role in creating protected areas (PAs) after 2003, which helped decrease deforestation rates. Governors have different stimuli for creating PAs. Some respond to the needs of their political constituency ; others have expectations to boost the forest sector so as to increase fiscal revenues. Governors also have led the discussion on REDD+ in Brazil since 2008. Considering their interests and political power, REDD+ is unlikely to curb decentralization in Brazil.

O Brasil assumiu metas ambiciosas de conservação a partir da assinatura da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica e, na última década, foi responsável pela criação de quase três quartos das novas áreas protegidas no mundo. Apesar do papel histórico do governo federal na criação de Unidades de Conservação (UC), no período citado os governos estaduais assumiram a liderança do processo, em especial o estado do Amazonas. Neste artigo apresentamos alguns resultados da pesquisa em que buscamos entender por que o governo do Amazonas optou por executar uma política intensiva de criação de UCs de uso sustentável a partir do início da década de 2000. Os resultados mostram que a presença de incentivos econômicos e sociais e a conformação de um novo ambiente político-institucional, por meio da plataforma Zona Franca Verde, foram os elementos que levaram à intensificação da agenda de conservação no estado. O discurso ambientalista ajudou o governador eleito em 2002 a se diferenciar de políticos tradicionais e a colocar o estado em uma posição privilegiada para o uso sustentável e a conservação de seus ativos ambientais.

In response to international agreements and the influence of environmental movements, Brazil has implemented measures to protect the Amazon rainforest including the regulation of logging and the pursuit of a "sustainable agricultural growth model". This chapter examines whether Brazil is now on a pathway to sustainable development.

Protéger la forêt amazonienne, en réponse aux exigences internationales et à celles des environnementalistes nationaux, a conduit à encadrer l'exploitation forestière mais aussi à rechercher un "modèle de croissance agricole durable", moins gourmand en conversion de terres, notamment. Ces avancées permettent-elles d'affirmer que le Brésil est sur la voie de la "durabilité"-, et de quelle "durabilité" s'agit-il exactement ?

Despite its argued theoretical benefits, forestry decentralization in practice can have detrimental effects on forest-dependent peoples, but little is understood about the specific paths by which decentralization affects livelihoods. This article, based on data from research in 2005 in Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, presents a working conceptual model for analyzing these interactions. The research found that vulnerability increased when decentralization was not combined with policies addressing structural inequities-that is, increased municipal government control over land and forests must be accompanied by policies increasing poor local people's access rights and security. At the same time, increased municipal government authority over forest management and monitoring can facilitate access to these and other assets needed for forest livelihoods, but this new responsibility must also be accompanied by improved controls over local authorities. The needed changes rarely come about without specific organized demands of local actors' associations and movements.

In this article, the authors investigated the governance involved in the formulation process of the Brasília Solar Program (PBS). The PBS engaged forty entities in a partnership for the generation and use of photovoltaic solar energy in Brasília. The methodology involved the use of document techniques and semi-structured interviews conducted between 2017 and 2018. The study revealed that the number of entities participating in the formulation of the PBS was lower than expected, which can be attributed to the centralized decision arrangements and to low autonomy. The actors involved demonstrated homogeneity in the interpretation of the objectives and in the justifications of the program. The PBS adopted unilateral monitoring mechanisms that hindered the participation of the actors and was not able to provide channels for the resolution of conflicts and for the application of penalties for free rides.