Suchergebnisse

The article summarizes the natural increase / decrease in the population of the regions and macroregions of the Russian Federation for 1992-2019. Depopulation is a steady natural population decline, it's characteristic of most European territories (countries or parts thereof), whose population was heavily affected in World War II. This applies to both sides of the conflict — and fascist Germany (as well as militaristic Asian Japan), on the one hand; and the territories of modern Poland, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, the European part of the Russian Federation, parts of the former Yugoslavia, on the other hand. As a result, since the 1970s the population of these territories began to enter a period of depopulation, the excess of mortality over fertility. This happened as a result of a downward demographic wave, the so-called «first echo of the Second World War», as well as due to global trends of declining birth rates in the entire developed and rapidly developing world. In general, over the 28 years of the post-Soviet period from the beginning of 1992 to the beginning of2020, depopulation covered all European regions of Russia with the exception of 5 republics of the North Caucasus and the Republic of Kalmykia. A somewhat different picture was observed beyond the Ural Range. Here, the depopulation in most large industrial regions was primarily due to the post-Soviet migration outflow of the population to the European part of the country — to the capital regions and plains of Southern Russia with a favorable climate. Positive natural growth was only in the oil and gas bearing Tyumen oblast, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as well as in the republics of Southern Siberia, whose indigenous population professes Buddhism. The article presents an analysis for each of the typical groups of Russian regions, provides statistics for 28 years of the demographic (reproductive) development of territories, substantiates conclusions, among which the main one is the following. The decrease in the volume of current and upcoming demographic human losses in Russia depends on the consistency, scientific justification, efficiency, effectiveness and selectivity of the country's demographic policy.

The article covers the historical determinism of Russia's choice of priority courses in terms of its subsequent centuries-long development. Being not only a European country but also an Asian one, Russia has developed into the largest country in the world, gaining access to the Pacific Ocean, expanding the opportunities for large-scale fleet development and extraction of coastal shelf resources. It has grown into the country rich in its natural resources. The necessity for large-scale integration of natural resources in the national economy along with the strengthening the Asian geopolitical status of the country was fully recognized in the Soviet years as evidenced by the successful settlement of Siberia and the Far East. The article states that in the 1990s Russia lost a number of benchmarks serving as boosters for its geopolitical status and economic po­wer. The paper provides evidence that for many decades the life expectancy level in Siberia and the Far East has been below its average level within the country, which remains a major determinant of migration outflows and the population decline in these regions of Russia. The authors present approaches to form the strategy of demographic development with respect to the eastern part of the country. The strategy proceeds from the need to ensure continuous growth of the demographic potential and at the same time to address ethnic, natural, geographical, geopolitical, and other conditions of the regions, which largely determine the specific character of population dynamics, its settlement, and much more.